Chapter 9Objectives for Chapter 9What Is Alcohol and How Is It Made?BeerWhy Do People Drink Alcohol?What Is a Standard Drink?When a Drink Is More Than a Drink…What Happens to Alcohol in the Body?Animation: Alcohol AbsorptionSlide 10The Metabolism of AlcoholPowerPoint PresentationSlide 13Slide 14Progressive Effects of AlcoholThe Brain and AlcoholHow Can Alcohol Be Harmful?Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Too Much Alcohol Costs You Good NutritionSlide 22The Stages of Alcoholic Liver DiseaseEffects of Alcohol on the BodySlide 25Fetal Alcohol SyndromeWhat Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism?Slide 28Consequences of College Binge DrinkingSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Who Should Avoid Alcohol and What Is Moderate Drinking?Slide 34“Buzzed driving is drunk driving”© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Chapter 9Alcohol© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eObjectives for Chapter 9List at one reason why people drink alcohol.Explain how the body absorbs alcohol.Describe how alcohol is circulated throughout the body.Explain the role of the liver and enzymes in the metabolism of alcohol.Describe how men and women metabolize alcohol differently.Explain the effects of alcohol on the brain.Define the term moderate drinking and discuss the benefits of moderate alcohol consumption.Describe how alcohol can be harmful.List at least two red flags for alcohol abuse.Name the four classic symptoms of alcoholism.© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eWhat Is Alcohol and How Is It Made?Alcohol is not an essential nutrientEthanol is the type of alcohol consumed in alcoholic beveragesMethanol (in antifreeze) and isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) are both poisonous to humansEthanol is safe for consumption, but excessive amounts are toxic and too much can be fatalMade by fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in grains (beer) and fruits (wine)Liquor is the concentrated alcohol collected through distillation© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eBeerBeer is made from the fermentation of yeast and the natural sugars from grainsMisc 9.1© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eWhy Do People Drink Alcohol?People drink to relax, celebrate, and socializeModerate alcohol consumption may have health benefits: may reduce risk of heart disease and deathModerate alcohol consumption: no more than one drink daily for adult women, two for menAlcohol can increase HDL cholesterol and may make blood platelets less “sticky”: less likely to form unwanted blood clotsHealth benefits only shown in women >55 years of age and men >45 years old, not in younger people© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eWhat Is a Standard Drink?Figure 9.1© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eWhen a Drink Is More Than a Drink…Figure 9.2© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eWhat Happens to Alcohol in the Body?Alcohol is a toxin and the body works quickly to metabolize and eliminate itYou absorb alcohol in your stomach and small intestineSome alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme before it’s absorbedWomen more susceptible to effects of alcohol than menHave 20 to 30 percent less of alcohol dehydrogenase than men, absorb more alcohol in stomachFood in stomach slows alcohol absorption© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eAnimation: Alcohol Absorption© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eWhat Happens to Alcohol in the Body?You metabolize alcohol primarily in your liver: one standard drink is metabolized in 1½ to 2 hoursAlcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde (eventually metabolized to CO2 and water)The microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) also metabolizes alcohol and is revved up when chronically high levels of alcohol present in liverAlcohol circulates in your blood until metabolizedBlood alcohol concentration (BAC) correlates with amount of alcohol in your breath© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eThe Metabolism of AlcoholFigure 9.3© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eTable 9.1© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eTable 9.1© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eWhat Happens to Alcohol in the Body?The effects of alcohol on your brainDepressant of central nervous systemSlows down transmission of nerve impulses and reaction time to stimuliImpairs thoughts, actions, behaviorThe more consumed, the more areas of brain affectedIf enough consumed, activities of brain stem are suppressed (breathing, heart rate), resulting in death© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eProgressive Effects of AlcoholTable 9.2© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eThe Brain and AlcoholFigure 9.4© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eHow Can Alcohol Be Harmful?Alcohol can disrupt sleep and cause hangoversEven a moderate amount in late afternoon/evening can disrupt sleep cycleAlcoholic beverages may contain congeners which contribute to hangover symptomsHangover symptoms: headache, fatigue, nausea, increased thirst, rapid heart beat, tremors, sweating, dizziness, depression, anxiety, and irritabilityAlcohol is a diuretic; can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eHow Can Alcohol Be Harmful?Alcohol can interact with hormones:Interferes with insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose levelNegatively affects parathyroid hormone and other bone-strengthening hormones, can increase risk of osteoporosisCan increase estrogen levels in women, may increase risk of breast cancerAffects reproductive hormones and is associated with both male and female sexual dysfunction© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eHow Can Alcohol Be Harmful?Alcohol may lead to overnutrition and malnutrition:Provides 7 calories per gram, contributing to weight gainIncreases fat and weight around stomachAlcohol calories can displace nutritious foodsExcessive alcohol can interfere with absorption and/or use of protein, zinc, magnesium, thiamin, folate, and vitamins B12, A, D, E, KThiamin deficiency affects brain function and increases risk of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eTable 9.3© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Nutrition and You, 2eToo Much Alcohol Costs You Good NutritionFigure 9.5© 2012 Pearson Education,