Chapter 9 Alcohol 2012 Pearson Education Inc Objectives for Chapter 9 List at one reason why people drink alcohol Explain how the body absorbs alcohol Describe how alcohol is circulated throughout the body Explain the role of the liver and enzymes in the metabolism of alcohol Describe how men and women metabolize alcohol differently Explain the effects of alcohol on the brain Define the term moderate drinking and discuss the benefits of moderate alcohol consumption Describe how alcohol can be harmful List at least two red flags for alcohol abuse Name the four classic symptoms of alcoholism Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc What Is Alcohol and How Is It Made Alcohol is not an essential nutrient Ethanol is the type of alcohol consumed in alcoholic beverages Methanol in antifreeze and isopropanol rubbing alcohol are both poisonous to humans Ethanol is safe for consumption but excessive amounts are toxic and too much can be fatal Made by fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in grains beer and fruits wine Liquor is the concentrated alcohol collected through distillation Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Beer Beer is made from the fermentation of yeast and the natural sugars from grains Misc 9 1 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Why Do People Drink Alcohol People drink to relax celebrate and socialize Moderate alcohol consumption may have health benefits may reduce risk of heart disease and death Moderate alcohol consumption no more than one drink daily for adult women two for men Alcohol can increase HDL cholesterol and may make blood platelets less sticky less likely to form unwanted blood clots Health benefits only shown in women 55 years of age and men 45 years old not in younger people Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc What Is a Standard Drink Figure 9 1 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc When a Drink Is More Than a Drink Figure 9 2 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc What Happens to Alcohol in the Body Alcohol is a toxin and the body works quickly to metabolize and eliminate it You absorb alcohol in your stomach and small intestine Some alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme before it s absorbed Women more susceptible to effects of alcohol than men Have 20 to 30 percent less of alcohol dehydrogenase than men absorb more alcohol in stomach Food in stomach slows alcohol absorption Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Animation Alcohol Absorption Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc What Happens to Alcohol in the Body You metabolize alcohol primarily in your liver one standard drink is metabolized in 1 to 2 hours Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde eventually metabolized to CO2 and water The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system MEOS also metabolizes alcohol and is revved up when chronically high levels of alcohol present in liver Alcohol circulates in your blood until metabolized Blood alcohol concentration BAC correlates with amount of alcohol in your breath Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc The Metabolism of Alcohol Figure 9 3 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Table 9 1 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Table 9 1 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc What Happens to Alcohol in the Body The effects of alcohol on your brain Depressant of central nervous system Slows down transmission of nerve impulses and reaction time to stimuli Impairs thoughts actions behavior The more consumed the more areas of brain affected If enough consumed activities of brain stem are suppressed breathing heart rate resulting in death Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Progressive Effects of Alcohol Table 9 2 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc The Brain and Alcohol Figure 9 4 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc How Can Alcohol Be Harmful Alcohol can disrupt sleep and cause hangovers Even a moderate amount in late afternoon evening can disrupt sleep cycle Alcoholic beverages may contain congeners which contribute to hangover symptoms Hangover symptoms headache fatigue nausea increased thirst rapid heart beat tremors sweating dizziness depression anxiety and irritability Alcohol is a diuretic can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc How Can Alcohol Be Harmful Alcohol can interact with hormones Interferes with insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose level Negatively affects parathyroid hormone and other bone strengthening hormones can increase risk of osteoporosis Can increase estrogen levels in women may increase risk of breast cancer Affects reproductive hormones and is associated with both male and female sexual dysfunction Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc How Can Alcohol Be Harmful Alcohol may lead to overnutrition and malnutrition Provides 7 calories per gram contributing to weight gain Increases fat and weight around stomach Alcohol calories can displace nutritious foods Excessive alcohol can interfere with absorption and or use of protein zinc magnesium thiamin folate and vitamins B12 A D E K Thiamin deficiency affects brain function and increases risk of Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Table 9 3 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Too Much Alcohol Costs You Good Nutrition Figure 9 5 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc How Can Alcohol Be Harmful Alcohol can harm your digestive organs heart and liver Excessive amounts of alcohol can increase risk of Inflammation of esophagus Cancers of the esophagus mouth and throat Gastritis and stomach ulcers Hypertension and damage of heart tissue Alcohol liver disease which has three stages Fatty liver alcoholic hepatitis cirrhosis Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc The Stages of Alcoholic Liver Disease Figure 9 6 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Effects of Alcohol on the Body Figure 9 7 Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc How Can Alcohol Be Harmful Alcohol can put a healthy pregnancy at risk Exposure to alcohol prenatally can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders FASDs Most severe form is fetal alcohol syndrome FAS Causes physical mental and behavioral abnormalities Effects of FASDs are permanent The only proven safe amount of alcohol a pregnant woman can consume is none Nutrition and You 2e 2012 Pearson Education Inc Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Figure 9 8