Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsCellsSize range of cells 4.2Surface-to-volume ratioProkaryotic cell structure 4.3, 4.4Eukaryotic cell structure 4.6, 4.7Animal vs Plant CellsSlide 12Slide 13EndosymbiosisSlide 15Structure of mitochondria 4.16Slide 17Structure of chloroplasts 4.17Slide 19Cell StructureChapter 4Cells are active!Cells are active!http://youtu.be/MgVPLNu_S-wEukaryoticCell TypeBacteriaArchaeaEukaryaProkaryoticProkaryoticDomainProkaryotic vs. Eukaryotic CellsTransmission electron micrograph (TEM) Common to all cells •Surrounded by plasma membrane•DNA (Chromosomes –organized into genes)•Ribosomes (synthesize proteins)Prokaryotic cells•Have no nucleus•Are generally small•Prokaryotes are unicellular•Spectacularly diverseEukaryotic cells•Genetic material enclosed in nucleus•Many membrane-bound compartments—organelles•Generally larger•Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellularCellsSize range of cells 4.2Measurements1 centimeter (cm) = 10–2 meter (m) = 0.4 inch1 millimeter (mm) = 10–3 m1 micrometer (µm) = 10–3 mm = 10–6 m1 nanometer (nm) = 10–3 µm = 10–9 mCells are smallCell size is constrained by surface-to-volume ratiohttp://hilem001.wikispaces.com/Surface+Area+and+VolumeSurface-to-volume ratioMicrofilaments(actin filaments)MicrovilliPlasma membraneIntermediatefilaments0.25 µmIntestinal epithelial cell: specialized for nutrient absorption.Prokaryotic cell structure 4.3, 4.4Flagellum-- locomotionPili-- attachment, DNA exchangeCapsule-- “slime layer”-polysaccharideCell wall-- polysaccharidePlasma membraneNucleoid (DNA and protein)Ribosomes—protein synthesisCytoplasmA typical rod-shaped bacteriumPhotosynthetic bacteriumEukaryotic cells are complex!--Cytoplasm--everything between plasma membrane and nucleus--Cytosol--fluid matrix in which all of the components of the cytoplasm reside.Animal cellPlant cellNucleusPlasma membraneCytoplasmCytosolEukaryotic cell structure 4.6, 4.7Know similarities and differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cellsKnow similarities and differences between plant and animal cellsAnimal vs Plant CellsCell wallEukaryotic cell structure and function--selected lecture topics (READ ENTIRE CHAPTER!)•Mitochondria and Chloroplasts; Endosymbiosis•Nucleus•Ribosomes•Endomembrane system•Cytoskeleton, Motor ProteinsMitochondria and chloroplasts•function in the production of energy-rich molecules that the cell can use for all its other energy-requiring activities•share a similar evolutionary history…EndosymbiosisMitochondria and chloroplasts Both arose from free-living bacteria by endosymbiosis, bear signatures of bacterial ancestry•Contain their own DNA–Most genes originally present in the bacterial endosymbionts were transferred to the nuclear genome or lost–Organelle genomes still encode a few proteins, but not many mitochondria ~13; chloroplasts ~70-120•Contain their own ribosomes to synthesize proteins encoded in their own genomes~2,000-3,000 proteins required for mitochondria/chloroplast function; most are coded for by genes in the nuclear genome, synthesized on ribosomes in the cytosol, and transported into the organelle after synthesis.•Divide separately from the cell0.2 µmOuter membraneInner membrane:folded in cristaeIntermembranespaceRibosomeMatrixDNAStructure of mitochondria 4.16Mitochondria•are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells (plants too!!)•produce most of the ATP needed for cellular activities via respirationMitochondria also function in • Programmed cell death (apoptosis)-Normal development-Destruction of damaged cellsAbnormal mitochondrial function implicated in neuromuscular diseasesStructure of chloroplasts 4.17Chloroplasts•green plastids that carry out photosynthesis•present in green tissues of plants and algae1.5 µmOutermembraneInnermembraneThylakoidmembranesDNARibosomeChloroplasts and non-green plastids also function in synthesis of•Starch•Some amino acids•Membrane lipids and oils (seed oils)—source of biodiesel•Carotenoids (red/yellow pigment, vitamin A precursor)•Vitamins E and CProducts of plastids are essential in the human diet, are key targets of plant breeding and biotechnology, and are essential for all plant