1 STUDY GUIDE – CHEMISTRY REVIEW (CHAPTER 2) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (CHAPTER 3) BS 111 Section 3, Dr. Osteryoung Spring 2015 SUGGESTIONS TO HELP YOU STUDY IN THIS COURSE 1. Read the section of the syllabus entitled “How to Do Well in This Course.” 2. Study the illustrations in the text carefully and read the captions. Also use the illustrations in the lecture slides. Think about the principles they are meant to convey. 3. Read and answer the questions in the "Review of Concepts" scattered throughout each chapter. Read “Retracing the Learning Path” at the end of each chapter. 4. Answer the questions in “Assessing the Learning Path” at the end of each chapter. 5. Use the optional tutorials and chapter quizzes at CONNECT. 6. Review the quiz and clicker questions. Consider how the answers might change if you reworded them (e.g., changed hydrophobic to hydrophilic), showed different molecules, etc. 7. Explain concepts, diagrams, answers to questions, etc. to fellow students. 8. Integrate the material as the semester progresses. Don’t limit yourself to information from a specific chapter or lecture when answering questions in the study guides. Think about how material presented earlier in the semester relates to newer material, and vice versa. 9. When reviewing key terms, know and be able to explain the contexts in which they are important as well as their definitions. For example, you should not only be able to define the term “hydrophobic,” but also be able to recognize hydrophobic molecules (or parts of molecules) and understand why a particular molecule may or may not be hydrophobic. 10. The questions in the study guides may be fairly specific, but in many cases there is a broader context underlying a particular question. Ask yourself, “What is the point of this question? Why is this information relevant to biological molecules, cells and biological processes?” CHEMISTRY REVIEW AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS -Review the Learning Objectives on the last slide of the lecture notes. -Answer all Review of Concept questions in Chapter 2. -Know the number of covalent bonds that can be formed by H, C, O and N. -Explain the chemical properties and interactions implied by the following terms (not just their definitions): covalent bond, electronegative, polar, non-polar, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic bond, hydrogen bond. Draw out examples. -What is the difference between a covalent bond and a covalent interaction? A hydrophobic bond and a hydrophobic interaction? -Which of the following is non-covalent: ionic bond, hydrogen bond, hydrophobic bond? -Are covalent or non-covalent interactions stronger? What does it mean to say that a bond is stronger or weaker? (Think about energy) -Why is water a polar molecule? Could similar properties apply to other molecules or parts of molecules? -How does the polarity of water contribute to its solvent properties? What kinds of molecules are soluble in water and why? -Which of the following is most electronegative—oxygen, carbon or hydrogen? In a covalent bond between any two of these elements, which would you expect to be polar covalent bonds and which nonpolar? -Pick some organic molecules from Chapter 3 (e.g., glycine in Fig. 3.12). Write out their chemical (molecular) and structural formulas. Be sure you can write out a structural formula if given a molecular formula and vice versa. -Draw out the full structural formula for the ring structures shown in the amino acid tryptophan in figure 3.12.2 -Why are ethanol, acetic acid and alanine (see Fig. 3.1) hydrophilic molecules? Explain how similar properties might apply to other molecules or parts of molecules, such as proteins. -Why are hydrocarbons hydrophobic? Explain how similar properties might apply to other molecules or parts of molecules, such as proteins. -Explain what is meant by chemical equilibrium. How do the relative the concentrations of reactants and products affect the rate and direction of a chemical reaction? -Explain how the valence of carbon, variations in carbon skeletons, and functional groups contribute to the structural and functional diversity in biological molecules. Come back and do this again in more detail for different types of macromolecules as we cover the remainder of Chapter 3. Complete the following table. Try and think of two or more examples of molecules in which each functional group is found. Include examples of macromolecules that contain each type of functional group. Be able to draw, recognize and explain the properties of each group. Functional Group Formula Properties Example molecules Polar, can participate in hydrogen bonding ATP Amino Glycine -OH Cysteine. Proteins (forms disulfide bridge) -CH3 Key terms (see point 9 above) Valence, valence shell, valence electrons, covalent bond, electronegative, polar, non-polar, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, ion, cation, anion, hydrocarbon, functional group, hydroxyl, alcohol, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, carboxyl, carboxylic acid, amino group, amine, acidic, basic, sulfhydryl, thiol, phosphate, methyl group, carbon skeleton, carbon backbone Note that some key terms can take various forms that may not be listed. Example: ion, ionize,