210 test – spring 2009 1. Ectoderm is a. a neurotrophic factor c. a pituitary hormone b. secreted during long nights by the pineal d. a cell layer in the embryo 2. Adenosine is secreted by glia and it a. signals the amount of body fat c. stops the regrowth of damaged axons b. increases sleepiness d. helps to set the SCN 3. Which of the following is not found in both sexes? a. SRY gene c. gonads b. FSH and LH d. all of the above 4. The műllerian ducts are a. the ovaries before they develop c. the female internal genitalia b. the female external genitalia d. the precursor of the gonads during development 5. Which of the following brain areas was once thought to be the hunger center and now is thought to have a much broader role? a. mPOA c. SCN b. lateral hypothalamus d. pituitary 6. Which of the following is not characteristic of the absorptive phase? a. high glucose c. low glucagon b. hunger d. high insulin 7. A nucleus is a. a set of axons clustered together c. a hormone-secreting gland b. neurons that proliferate at the same time d. a set of neurons in close proximity 8. A lack of orexin containing neurons results in a. apoptosis c. fewer NMDA synapses b. narcolepsy d. lordosis 9. When is myelination complete in humans? a. never, it continues into old age c. during adolescence b. during the first year of life d. during middle age (the 40’s) 10. If a neuron picks up a neurotrophic factor, the neuron a. does not undergo apoptosis c. grows a new axon b. produces a growth cone d. dies 11. According to the book, a rhythm that is less than one day is called a. a zeitgaber c. infradian b. circadian d. circannual12. The Y chromosome has two genes that are important for male sexual development. One, the SRY gene, causes the gonads to become testes, the other a. grows the penis c. stops műllerian duct development b. leads to the development of the wolffian ducts d. starts the secretion of hormones at puberty 13. A female rat has her ovaries removed at birth, as an adult this rat will a. have a cycle and perform female sexual behavior b. show male mounting behavior if given T c. show male mounting and ejaculation if given T d. do lordosis if given E and P 14. XX humans with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) a. have normal female external genitalia b. become male except for their gonads c. have external genitalia that are in-between male and female d. lack internal genitalia 15. Smelling good food leads to hunger because a. less glycogen is broken down b. insulin is secreted which drops blood glucose c. glucagon is secreted which drops blood glucose d. leptin levels drop 16. Which of the following arrangements of the sex chromosomes would be fatal in an embryo? a. YO c. XXX b. XO d. XYY 17. Glucagon a. is stored glucose c. increase the storage of fat b. shunts glucose into cells d. converts glycogen into glucose 18. Following damage to an axon, retrograde degeneration a. always occurs c. only occurs in the peripheral nervous system b. only occurs in the CNS d. occurs if the axon has no remaining synapses 19. If glutamate synapses fire together, they become stronger by a. increasing the number of AMPA receptors b. decreasing the number of AMPA receptors c. increasing the amount of glutamate released d. decreasing the amount of inhibition on the neuron 20. In which part of the brain do some neurons continue proliferation in adults (rats and humans)? a. cerebral cortex c. hippocampus b. hypothalamus d. cerebellum21. During development, testosterone a. increases proliferation of neurons in the SDN b. increases proliferation of neurons in the AVPV c. decreases apoptosis in the SDN d. increases apoptosis in the SDN 22. In a box in the book, there is a description of a disease called “fatal familial _______”. a. aphagia c. mutagenesis b. hyperphagia d. insomnia 23. Melatonin increases a. during long nights c. when you phase shift b. in bright sunlight d. with high E in the estrous cycle 24. The interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (1-4) are found in a. only human male homosexuals c. rats of both sexes b. humans of both sexes d. only some primates 25. Why do people with spinal cord injury that results in their becoming paraplegic not recover? a. their axons regrow to the wrong place b. axons cannot regrow in humans c. axons cannot regrow in the CNS d. axons cannot regrow after puberty 26. In which of the following structures is proliferation finished earliest? a. cerebral cortex c. hippocampus b. cerebellum d. olfactory bulb 27. Which of the following is the most accurate classification of the testes? a. internal genitalia c. external genitalia b. gonads 28. Which of the following increases during human menopause? a. estrogen c. testosterone b. progesterone d. FSH 29. Apoptosis occurs a. only in stressful circumstances c. as a normal part of nervous system development b. only in the CNS d. after sleep deprivation 30. If a male rat pup has the testes removed at birth, as an adult the rat will a. show male sexual behavior if given T b. show female sexual behavior if given E and P c. not be capable of sexual behavior regardless of hormones d. a and b31. What defines the zygote and cells from several subsequent cell divisions as “unspecified”? a. the sex is not yet developed b. they have many cell divisions left before the are finished dividing c. they have the capacity to turn into any type of cell in the body d. they are not yet pruned 32. The female clitoris develops from the same tissue as the male a. penis c. scrotum b. prostate d. vas deferens 33. The pancreas secretes a. glucose c. glycogen b. insulin d. all of the above 34. If a male rat has a lesion in the mPOA, his sexual behavior a. becomes zero but can be restored with T b. becomes zero but it cannot be restored c. will become female if given E and P d. a and c 35. What is needed for sperm formation in males? a. T c. LH b. FSH d. a and b 36. Grow cones are seen during which stage of neuronal development? a. apoptosis c. proliferation b. migration d. differentiation 37. How does hormonal birth control work in women? a. Synthetic E and P interfere with the secretion of E and P from the ovaries. b. E and P turn on the pituitary hormones. c. E and P turn off the pituitary hormones. d.