210 – Spring 2007 1. What part of the human brain decreases in volume between 10 and 20 years of age? a. INAH3 b. cerebral cortex c. corpus callosum d. ventromedial hypothalamus 2. What causes the ovary to secrete estrogen during the female cycle? a. low FSH b. high FSH c. low luteinizing hormone (LH) d. high LH 3. If I told you that a particular group of rats (group A) had a larger size corpus callosum than group B, you should assume that group A a. has more myelination b. has more axons c. a and b d. none of the above - you don’t know 4. Synapses are formed during a. neural tube proliferation b. the first 2 months post-conception in humans c. neuronal migration d. differentiation of the neuron 5. An axon is damaged but its cell body was not. Under what conditions does the axon regrow? a. if it is in the central nervous system. b. if it is in the peripheral nervous system. c. if it has axon branches that still make synapses d. all of the above 6. Lesions in what part of the brain will result in a rat that has little motivation for anything? a. LH b. AVPV c. SDN d. VMH 7. Fat cells in the body secrete a. leptin b. insulin c. glucagons d. FSH 8. Which of the following is a germ layer in the early embryo? a. filopodia b. lamillipodia c. ectoderm d. Nogo9. There is evidence that sex differences in the number of neurons in the rat cerebral cortex are caused by a. hormones secreted around the time of birth b. hormones secreted during puberty c. hormones from the pituitary throughout life d. the lack of use of neurons 10. Testosterone is one enzymatic step from being converted to a. estrogen b. luteinizing hormone c. progesterone d. FSH 11. Testosterone causes more apoptosis in the a. lateral hypothalamus b. arcuate nucleus c. SDN d. AVPV 12. It is well established that proliferation can occur after birth in all of the following areas except a. cerebral cortex b. olfactory bulb c. hippocampus d. cerebellum 13. A female rat has her ovaries removed at birth. As an adult, a. she will show male sexual behavior if given T b. she will show female sexual behavior is given E and P c. a and b d. neither a nor b 14. Male homosexuality a. occurs in all mammals b. only occurs in humans c. is caused by too little T secreted during male development d. none of the above 15. In axonal sprouting following neural injury, what sprouts? a. dendrites in need of input b. uninjured axons in the vicinity of injured axons c. the injured axons d. dendrites from surrounding neurons 16. Why do rats with lesions to the VMH increase their food intake? a. their satiety center has been damaged b. the nigrostriatal pathway has been damaged c. the pancreas is secreting too much insulin d. glycogen is no longer able to be stored17. In human males, when is testosterone output the highest per unit weight? a. in the second trimester post-conception b. in the third trimester post-conception c. at puberty d. between 20 and 25 years of age 18. After damage to an axon, what inevitably happens? a. retrograde degeneration b. regrowth of the axon c. axon sprouting d. anterograde degeneration 19. If a person with XY chromosomes has androgen receptors that do not work, they will have a. ovaries b. a penis c. a clitoris d. Wolffian ducts 20. Lesions of the mPOA in female rats result in a. no change in sexual behavior b. the stopping of the estrous cycle and no sexual behavior is ever possible again c. a loss of sexual behavior but the estrous cycle continues d. the stopping of the cycle but sexual behavior occurs with E and P administration 21. In Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus, “nucleus” refers to a. a groups of axons traveling together b. a pathway between one neural area to another c. a group of neurons in close proximity of each other 22. In which of the following is there some consensus that there is a sex difference in both size and neuron number in humans? a. arcuate nucleus b. lateral hypothalamus c. interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus 3 d. AVPV 23. The male penis comes from a. the same tissue as the female clitoris b. the same tissue as the female ovary c. the Wolffian ducts d. the Mullerian ducts 24. The SDN is in the a. cerebral cortex b. corpus callosum c. mPOA d. lateral hypothalamus25. Which of the following is required for the formation of sperm? a. testosterone b. FSH c. testes d. b and c e. a, b and c 26. Cells in the neural tube are destined to be the cells in the a. spinal cord b. nervous system and the skin c. nervous system d. pituitary and hypothalamus 27. According to the book, testes-determining factor a. stops the ovary from making estrogen during development b. increases the probability of a male having a homosexual orientation c. stops the growth of the clitoris in XX individuals d. is the protein product of the SRY gene 28. Which of the following does not naturally occur during neural development unless there is damage? a. migration b. proliferation c. apoptosis d. withdrawal of axon collaterals e. none of the above; they all occur 29. Glucagon is a. the stored form of glucose b. a hormone secreted by the intestine to aid digestion c. secreted into the bloodstream by fat cells d. the pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen to glucose 30. Which of the following does not occur during menopause? a. high FSH b. high LH c. low estrogen d. low progesterone 31. An adult human female has her ovaries removed. Her sexual behavior a. falls to near zero but can be restored with E and P b. falls to near zero and cannot be restored c. remains the same d. increases in frequency and intensity 32. The human brain grows 4 times larger from birth to adulthood. Most of this growth is due to a. migration b. proliferation c. blood capillary formation d. differentiation33. Females who have CAH have a. ovaries b. testes c. male (Wolffian) internal genitalia d. a and b 34. Which of the following illustrates that differences in the size of a nucleus do not necessarily indicate differences in the number of neurons in the nucleus? a. SDN b. INAH3 c. INAH2 d. AVPV 35. A neurotrophic factor a. is picked up by a growing axon when it reaches its target b. stops anterograde degeneration c. increases the myelination of an axon d. causes more neurons to proliferate 36. Which of the following is associated with metabolic hunger? a. high glycogen in the liver b. the absorptive phase of digestion c. the post-absorptive phase of digestion d. high leptin in the blood 37.