Geol 120 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture II. Introduction A. ScienceIII. Evolution of scientific IdeasIV. Ptolemy/CopernicusV. The Doppler EffectOutline of Current Lecture VI. The Red ShifVII.How the universe evolved VIII.Gravitational Forcea.Origin of matterIX.Solar SystemX.Earth’s Mechanical LayersCurrent LectureI. The Red Shifa. Color of light are created by light waves of different frequencyi. Light coming to earth from all galaxies is redder than expected1. Blue light= high frequency2. Red light= lower frequencyb. How has the universe evolved?i. Radiationii. Protons & neutrons form (fuse to form hydrogen)iii. As matter continues to condense, stars and galaxies form.II. Gravitational Forcea. Newton’s law of universal gravitationsi.F1=F2=GM1∗M2r21. M=mass2. F=Force3. r= Distance between bodies4. G= Gravitational constantIII. The importance of gravitational Forcea. Gravitational force plays a major role in the evolution of the universeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Gravity pulls matter into a nebulae ii. Increases density1. Causes rotation2. Causes mass accumulationa. Eventually a star is bornIV. Origin of mattera. Atomic fusionV. Origin of the earth’s materialsa. Where did it come from?i. Lights elements form during the big bang (elements 1-5)ii. Heavier elements from starts (elements 6-25)iii. Heaviest elements from supernova (up to uranium- Atomic # 92)VI. Characteristics of the solar systema. 8 planetsi. Rocky= closer to the sunii. Gaseous= further awayb. Solar system formedi. Nebular TheoryVII. Formation of Eartha. Grows by accretionsb. Earth is 4.57 billions of years oldVIII. Earth’s moona. Composition is nearly identical to earth’s mantlei. Contains less iron than earthb. Hypothesis for origin of the mooni. Formed together with earth and other bodies in the solar system1. Captured by earths gravityIX. The layered eartha. Atmospherei. Troposphereii. Stratosphereiii. Stratopauseiv. Mesospherev. Mesopausevi. Thermosphereb. Solid Earthi. Compositions1. What they layers are made ofa. Mechanicsi. The strength of each layerc. Evidence of layered earthi. Densityii. Spherical shapeiii. Earthquake (seismic) waves1. Compositional layersa. Crust i. Oceanic crust1. Averages 7-10 km thickii. Continental crust1. Averages 35-45 km thickb. Mantlei. Composition is largely peridotite (rock)ii. Most mantle rocks not liquid, but they do flow very slowlyc. Corei. Fe-Ni alloysii. Outer core= liquidiii. Inner core= solid2. Earth’s mechanical layersa. Lithospherei. Crust + upper mantleb. Asthenospherei. Mid lower mantleii. Flows, ductilec. Mesospherei. Below asthenosphereii. Above outer coreiii. Same composition as asthenosphere 3. Compositional a. Core: Iron, Nickelb. Mantle: Iron, Nickel, magnesiumc. Crust: silica, oxygen, aluminum, some iron4. Mechanical Modelsa. Inner core: solidb. Outer core: liquidc. Asthenosphere: plastics deform easilyd. Lithosphere: cool,