GEOL 120 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture Outline of Current Lecture II. Introduction A. ScienceIII. Evolution of scientific IdeasIV. Ptolemy/CopernicusV. The Doppler EffectCurrent LectureI. Introductiona. Sciencei. Latin word meaning “Knowledge”1. Organizes knowledge as testable explanationsb. Geology is a science comprising the study of solid earth or any other celestial body.II. Evolution of scientific ideasa. Factsi. Things we observe or measure repeatedlyb. Scientific Hypothesis i. An idea that you can testc. Scientific theoriesi. Ideas supported by an abundance of evidenced. Scientific lawsi. Rules that govern fundamental behavior of the natural universeIII. Ptolemy (100-170 C.E)a. Egyptian philosopher explained geocentric image of universe with math equationsb. Geocentrici. Earth is the center of the universe1. The planet and sun orbit the earthIV. Copernicus (1473-1543) & Galileo (1564-1642)a. Renaissance philosophers proposed heliocentric image of universe.i. Heliocentric1. Earth and planets orbit the sun.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. Universe a. All of space (including matter and energy)VI. Mattera. The substance contained within the universeVII. The universe is expandinga. The Doppler effecti. The frequency of waves is affected by the speed of their sourceVIII. Characteristics of the universea. Incomprehensibly largei. Part visible to us is greater than 13 billion light years acrossb. Matter clustered into galaxiesi. Over 1 billion visible galaxies in the universe1. Mostly made up of starts (300 billion stars in our galaxy)2. Planets, asteroids, comets, meteoroids.3. Empty space between galaxiesc. The Universe is ExpandingIX. The Doppler Effect a. The frequency of the wave is affected by the speed of their sourcei. Closely spaced wave crest= higher frequencyii. Widely spaced wave crest= lower frequencyX. The Red Shifa. Color of light are created by light waves of different frequencyi. Light coming to earth from all galaxies is redder than expected1. Blue light= high frequency2. Red light= lower frequencyb. How has the universe evolved?i. Radiationii. Protons & neutrons form (fuse to form hydrogen)iii. As matter continues to condense, stars and galaxies form.XI. Gravitational Forcea. Newton’s law of universal gravitationsi.F1=F2=GM1∗M2r21. M=mass2. F=Force3. r= Distance between bodies4. G= Gravitational constantXII. The importance of gravitational Forcea. Gravitational force plays a major role in the evolution of the universei. Gravity pulls matter into a nebulae ii. Increases density1. Causes rotation2. Causes mass accumulationa. Eventually a star is bornXIII. Origin of mattera. Atomic fusionXIV. Origin of the earth’s materialsa. Where did it come from?i. Lights elements form during the big bang (elements 1-5)ii. Heavier elements from starts (elements 6-25)iii. Heaviest elements from supernova (up to uranium- Atomic #