1Psychology 281 Section 4 Spring 2013 – Exam 1 Study GuideChapter 1Definition of Abnormality and History of Abnormal Behavior- Define “abnormal” the way it is used in abnormal psychology.o Why are culture and context important in determining what is “normal?”o What are some differences between categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosing abnormal behavior?- Ancient theories of abnormalityo How did ancient people think abnormal behavior was caused? What is trephination and what was its purpose?o Ancient Greek perspectives  Who was Hippocrates and what was his explanation for abnormal behavior?- Theories of abnormality from the middle ageso Define mass hysteria and emotional contagion.- Theories of abnormality from the nineteenth centuryo Moral treatment and institutionalizationo Anton Mesmer  What effect did he demonstrate?History of Treatment of Abnormal BehaviorPsychoanalytic Perspective- How does the psychoanalytic perspective explain the development of abnormal behavior?- Define psychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud’s role in its developmento Define id, ego, and superego.o What are defense mechanisms? Give some examples.o Discuss Freud’s three stages of psychosexual development.- How do psychoanalysts treat abnormal behavior?Behavioral Perspective- How does the behavioral perspective explain the development of abnormal behavior?- How do behaviorists treat abnormal behavior?- What is classical conditioning?o Define and give examples of unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.o How does classical conditioning occur?2o What did Pavlov’s study involving dog salivation demonstrate?o What did John Watson’s study with Albert demonstrate?- What is operant conditioning?o Understand positive and negative reinforcement and punishment and what each does to a behavior.o Know B. F. Skinner’s contribution to the development of behaviorism- What is systematic desensitization and what is it used to treat?- Who is Albert Bandura? What does social learning theory demonstrate?o What is vicarious conditioning?Current Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior and Treatmento Describe the scientist-practitioner model.Biological Modelo What does the biological model assume regarding abnormal behavior and how it should be treated?o What are neurotransmitters and why are they important in psychology and psychiatry?o What is biological scarring and how is it thought to effect abnormal behavior?o What does the viral infection model say about the causes of abnormal behavior?Cognitive Model- How does the cognitive model explain abnormal behavior?- How would abnormal behavior be treated from a cognitive perspective?- What is the negative cognitive triad and how does it relate to depression?Humanistic Model- How does the humanistic model explain abnormal behavior?- How is abnormal behavior treated using the humanistic model?- Who is Carl Rogers?- Define the following terms and understand their importance: client-centered therapy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard. Socio-cultural Model- How does the socio-cultural model differ from other models of abnormal behavior and treatment?- What factors (things about the client) are considered when using the sociocultural model?Biopsychosocial Model- What does “systemic approach” mean in relation to the biopsychosocial model?- What is the diathesis-stress model and why is it important in the explanation of abnormal behavior?Chapter 2Importance of Research3- What is translational research and why is it important in psychology?- What was the Belmont Report and why was it important in psychological research?- What is the purpose of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?- What are the four different levels research can be conducted on?Research at the cellular level- Distinguish between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)o What are the two divisions of the PNS? What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?The Brain- What are the main functions of the brain stem, midbrain, forebrain, limbic system, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex?- Why is the limbic system important in the study of psychology?- How do neurons work? What do neurotransmitters do?- What are the different functions of the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere of the brain?- What are the four lobes of the brain and what do they do?- What is neuroimaging? What instruments are used in these studies?- What is the endocrine system?o What are hormones and how do they cause changes in the body?- What is the purpose of studies that compare genetics and behavior?o Define behavioral genetics.- What are the two types of studies commonly used in behavioral genetics?o What is family aggregation? What does it tell us about abnormal behavior?o How are twin studies used to tell us about how abnormal behavior develops?o What are some limitations of research in behavioral genetics?- What does the field of molecular genetics examine?- What does epigenetics examine?Research at the Individual Level- Describe a case study. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this method?4- Describe a single-case design. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this method?o What are the differences between a case study and a single-case design?Research at the Group LevelWhat is a correlational research design?- What does a correlation coefficient tell us?- Distinguish between and give examples of negative correlations and positive correlations.- Does correlation mean causation? Why or why not?What is a controlled group design?- What is random assignment? When is it used? Why is it important?- What is an independent variable?- What is a dependent variable?- What is internal validity? Why is it important?- What is external validity? Why is it important?- How might use of a placebo control group be unethical?- Distinguish between clinical and statistical significance.- What is a cohort and how is it used in research?o What is a cross-sectional study design?o What is a longitudinal study design?- Research at the Population Level- What is epidemiology? - Distinguish between observational and experimental epidemiology. - Distinguish between prevalence and incidence.- Define comorbidity and give an example.Chapter 3Clinical Assessment- What is the purpose of clinical