- Differentiate between substance use, intoxication, substance use disorder, and substance-induced disorders.- Define tolerance and withdrawal- Name the commonly used “licit” and “illicit” drugs? Most common of each?- Know the main effects, side effects, withdrawal symptoms, and long-term risks of the following drugs. Also know how quickly tolerance develops in each:o caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opio0ds, hallucinogens, and inhalants- Be able to classify drugs as stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens- Know risks of drinking alcohol while pregnant, including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.- What is a natural opioid our bodies produce? How does it affect our mood?- What is more important (biology or environment) when beginning to use substances? What is more important in the development of substance use disorder?o Environment influences start of behavior. Biology influences development of substance use disorder. Brain chemistry affects how easily a person becomes addicted.- Understand the effects of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and classical conditioning on drug use and abuse.- How do expectations affect drug use? Which theoretic orientation focuses on expectation?- What does age and SES have to do with substance abuse?- Know the biological, and psychological (cognitive and behavioral) treatments for substance use disorder- Name the 5 steps to the trans-theoretical model and know what each step entails.- What is motivational interviewing?- Define psychosis.- Know the difference between a delusion and a hallucination.o A delusion is a fixed false belief.o A hallucination is a false sensory perception.- What is a common misconception about schizophrenia? HINT: “Split mind”o That it involves multiple personalities.- Define positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits. Be able to recognize them and give examples.o Positive symptoms are phenomena not seen in the general population (hallucinations and delusions).o Negative symptoms are phenomena seen in the general population butlacking in schizophrenics (flat affect, apathy, psychomotor retardation).o Cognitive deficits are the general category of impaired functioning found in schizophrenics (impairment of executive functioning).- Be able to differentiate the different types of delusions.- What is the difference between a bizarre and non-bizarre delusion?o A bizarre illusion is not at all likely (believing aliens are coming for them).o A non-bizarre illusion is a plausible possibility (believing someone is talking about them or tapping into their phone line).- Give an example of auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, and somatic hallucinations. What is the most common type? What is the most severe type?o Auditory—hearing voices. Most common.o Visual—seeing dead people.o Olfactory—smelling o Gustatory—tasting o Somatic—feeling - Be able to distinguish between loose association, thought blocking, and clangassociation.o Loose association involves making statements in order but with little tono logical connection.o Thought blocking involves the brain reacting slowly leading to lulls in speech.o Clang association involves words used simply because they rhyme rather than because they have any meaning together.- What is catatonia? Waxy flexibility?o Freezing in a pose. Waxy flexibility is a subtype in which the person’s body can be reposed as opposed to non-waxy flexibility where the person sticks to the original pose no matter what.- List the 5 negative symptoms of schizophrenia.o Flat affect.o Psychomotor retardation.o- What areas of cognitive impairment commonly occur in schizophrenia?o Impairment of executive functioning.- Be able to recognize early signs of schizophrenia.o Reduced sociability and decreased attention to hygiene.- Know the course of schizophrenia and the symptoms of each level.o Prodomalo Acuteo- Why would people with schizophrenia abuse alcohol or drugs?o Self-medication.o Possible predisposition to alcohol abuse.- What is more responsive to treatment, positive or negative symptoms?o Positive in both first generation and current medications.- What might early symptoms look like in children or adolescence? - Be able to recognize the other psychotic disorders from the chapter.- Understand the biological influences of schizophreniao What is the dopamine hypothesis? What structural brain differences are found in individuals with schizophrenia? What is synaptic pruning and how is it different in those with schizophrenia?- Differentiate between typical and atypical antipsychotics?- Know the biological and psychological (cognitive and behavioral) treatments of schizophrenia- What types of family processes are associated with having a family member with schizophrenia?- Know the difference between personality traits and personality disorders.- What is the difference between ego-dystonic and ego-syntonic?- Why is context an important factor to assess when diagnosing personality disorders?- What are the 3 P’s of personality disorders?- Know what the clusters of personality disorders are.- Know the core symptom(s) and be able to differentiate the Cluster A disorders(Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal)- Know the core symptom(s) and be able to differentiate the Cluster B disorders (Antisocial, Narcissistic, Borderline, Histrionic) - What is stigmatization? Why is it important to understand when treating someone with borderline personality disorder?- Know the core symptom(s) and be able to differentiate the Cluster C disorders (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive Compulsive).- Know what the Five Factor Model is and be able to list the 5 dimensions.- Why is it controversial to diagnose people under the age of 18 with a personality disorder?- How do parenting styles correlate with personality disorders?- How are personality disorders associated with functional impairment?- How are temperament, attachment, and early childhood experiences correlated with personality disorders?- Understand the cognitive behavioral perspective and the sociocultural perspective of the etiology(development) of personality disorders- What are the unique challenges in treating individuals with personality disorders?- Although there are currently few treatment studies, what types of treatments that are available for different personality disorders?- Define culture. Be able to give some examples of culture- When is culture important in assessing and