ANTH205 10 22 SEX AND TEMPERAMENT IN THREE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES MEAD S THREE SOCIETIES Arapesh gentle o Homicides and spear throwing battles mainly over women This violence was exclusively a male activity no females at all o Men must kill to initiated into adulthood o Account largely refuted by ex husband collaborator studied Arapesh Warfare Mundugumor aggressive o High rates of polygyny o Men would raid neighbors for wives and heads Women didn t o Men must kill to be initiated into adulthood not women Tschambuli Reversed Women were dominant o Women were the main providers Fishing Market Women not included in public politics o Men wear make up concerned with appearance In order to wear make up man must kill an enemy VARIATION IN SEXUALITY AND GENDER History Homosexual Queer Studies o Often plays prominent role in sex studies o Variance often more informative than conformity o First highlighted in Kinsey report in 1948 KINSEY REPORT Reported that upwards of 10 of men were exclusively homosexual for at least 3 years of their lives Frequency of exclusive homosexuality now reported around 3 6 for men less for women Around 10 of people today have had at least one homosexual experience Introduced Kinsey Scale 7 point scale ranging from 0 6 0 being Exclusively Heterosexual and 6 being Exclusively Homosexual ORIGINS OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATION o There are many hypotheses What is choice Desire Behavior Development Socialization If a son turned out gay it was the mothers fault The parenting style had a great impact on sexuality of children Gender Nonconformity A boy wanting to play with dolls and take dance classes and a Girl wanting to play football do boyish things Genetics Identical twins have the same sexual orientation in comparison to Fraternal twins Intrauterine Hormones Development The number of older brothers a man has is a huge factor for each male fetus that was in the womb before you theres a 33 chance that later on down the line that you will be homosexual o BIOLOGICAL VARIANCE Hormonal Developmental Cognitive Anatomic HOMOSEXUALITY AND THE LAW o Acceptance of same sex marriage in the United States o Homosexual Parents The Data Same sex parents very much like heterosexual parents No clear evidence that children are more likely to be homosexual Children more likely to be open to accepting of different sexualities No evidence that children are different in gender identity Mixed evidence of diffs in gender behavior No evidence that children differ in emotional development depression cognitive development TWO SPIRITS o Common third gender role among Native American groups two spirits recent term that refers to the third gender role Panegi o Third gender role among Ache o Men adopt social and foraging roles of women o Exaggerated feminine characteristics Fa afafine o Samoan Third Gender o Similar third gender roles found in Hawaii Maori and other Polynesian populations Hijra o Indian third gender o Income from performing ceremonial blessings or threatening curses o Live in high levels of poverty and discrimination Female Husbands of Africa o Often widows pay bride prices for new wives o Arrange for men to impregnate women o Become stepfathers of children Greek Pederasty o Relationship adult man and adolescent boy o Also used as form of socialization and education o Debate in ancient times whether of not it was considered of being an ideal form of love Conditional Homosexuality o Occurs when the opposite sex is not available Sambia o Horticultural population in highlands of New Guinea o Sharp division between sexes o Males pass through series of ceremonies moving from closenesss to mothers to other bachelors to wives o MALE RITUALS First stage 7 10 Removal of children from their mothers Cleansing of initiates to clean them of pollution of mother Teaching of men s secrets ultimately to become functioning male member and a warrior JERUNGDU is masculine force or power is a secret to men Must get it by ingesting semen from other bachelors Once men become fathers they are suppose to stop providing semen to initiates WOMENS ROLES Women too go through puberty ceremony at menarche but less public Considered polluted by men particularly menstrual and vaginal fluid 10 22 2013 10 22 2013