Lecture 8 9 19 PASTORALISM AND AGRICULTURE WHAT IS PASTORALISM o IS a subsistence strategy based on tending herds of large animals o Pastoralists are found throughout Africa and Eurasia o Pastoralism is absent from the New World NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA Australia PASTORALISM Semi arid habitats High seasonality or risk of drought foods Not conducive to horticulture agriculture LIKE foragers BUT for herd Turns inedible plants into edible animal products Pastoralists use their animals for a variety of purposes ANIMALS Desirable Traits o You want an animal that s hardy one that wont die in the winter o You want an animal to be herd able where they follow whats in front of them o Animals need to be breedable o ALTERNATIVE USES Wool Milk Pack Animals Riding Bones In southern Africa you have cattle pastoralists Tend to be lactose intolerant In the Middle East and Northern Africa you have sheep pastoralists Goats are associated with Masculinity and evil and Sheeps are associated with Femininity In Eurasia you have Horse Pastoralists Horse Riding In Northern Africa you have Camel Pastoralists Camel Milk Pack Animals very hardy you can ride them 70 of the world is Lactose Intolerant WE TEND TO FIND TWO TYPES OF PASTORALISTS NOMADIC PASTORALISTS o Self Reliant o Dependent on Animals o Mobile are always on the move TRANSHUMANCE o Permanent Settlements live in area for quite some time o Horticulture can grow certain products CHALLENGES FOR PASTORALISTS Diseases Struggle for Control of Land Need a substantial amount of land must defend areas where not present Theft of Cattle Resources are easily stolen COMMON CHARACTERISTICS Mobility according to herd needs Sexual division of labor o Men go with the herd o Women stay and tend to the home Equality within genders but not between o Men tend to be the only ones that can own animals while women are domestically defined Attachment to animals o People viewed life through their cattle Value of bravery o Entire age classes are devoted to being warriors WODAABE nomadic African tribe Located in Central Africa Population around 45 000 Tend large herds of Zebu Cattle Subsist largely on milk and millet type of grain Practice a mix of Islam and traditional customs Loose Sexual Mores Polygynous yet value modesty Widely known for Geerewol Festival MONGOLIAN PASTORALISTS Located in Central Asia Close to 1 million in numbers 30 of Mongolias population Rely on sheep horses yaks cattle Sheep are staple horses most prestigious Largely BUDDHIST Live in large herding camps so that herds can be collectively tended MONGOLIAN GER Type of house less mobile than foragers but more mobile than horticulturalists Very famous for the NAADAMS is kind of like the Olympics Military Conquest Military advantages of pastoralism o Genghis Khan unites Mongol Turkic tribes in 1206 o Creates largest contiguous empire in world history o Leaves genetic legacy o Preceded by other pastoralists INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE Boost in productivity per acre and per labor hour Cultivation Continuum OFTEN INCLUDES o Non Shifting Fields o Irrigation o Animals of burden and plows o Terraces o Reduced variance in diet BEGAN 5 000 years ago of AMERICANS THAT ARE FARMERS 1790 ABOUT 90 1990 ABOUT 2 6 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS MONGOLIAN PASTORALISTS Large dense populations Complex formal social systems o Explicit rules for anyone who breaks the laws Highly stratified Specialization ATLIPLANE POPULATIONS OF BOLIVIA AND PERU Become extremely proficient farmers potatoes SUKKA KOLLUS Canals that they would dig and used the dirt to raise adjacent land This would allow irrigation and the water would soak up the heat and keep the lands from freezing in the winter 09 19 2013 09 19 2013