11 18 UNIT4 EXAM4 CHAPTER 15 BASIC ELEMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATIONS UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUALS IN ORGANIZATIONS o The Psychological Contract the overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he or she will contribute to the organization and what the organization will provide in return o The Person Job Fit extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the inducements offered by the organization Reasons for poor person job fit Imperfect organizational selection procedures Change in both people and organizations over time New technologies require new employee skills Unique individuals and unique jobs o Individual Differences Personal attributes that vary from one person to another Physical Psychological or Emotional PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR o Personality the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another o The Big Five Personality Traits OCEAN or CANOE Agreeableness a person s ability to get along with others Conscientiousness the number of goals on which a person focuses Negative Emotionality the extent to which a person is calm resilient and secure Extraversion a person s comfort level with relationships Openness a person s rigidity of beliefs and range of interests VIDEO EXAMPLE The Break Up which of these fives traits can we assess based on the clip from the movie He only brought 3 lemons when she asked for 12 This is an example of conscientiousness because he said 3 was enough lemons for her when she needed 12 they were different in conscientiousness THE MYERS BRIGGS FRAMEWORK o The Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI a popular questionnaire that some organizations use to assess personality types Is a useful method for determining communication styles and interaction preferences o Personality Types Extraversion E versus Introversion I Sensing S versus Intuition N Thinking T versus Feeling F Judging J versus Perceiving P OTHER PERSONALITY TRAITS AT WORK o Locus of Control the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to them Internal Locus of Control individuals who believe they are in control of their lives I am in control of my own destiny External Locus of Control individuals believe that external forces dictate what happen to them o Self Efficacy a person s belief about his her capabilities to perform a task High self efficacy individuals believe they can perform well while Low self efficacy individuals doubt their ability to perform o Authoritarianism the extent to which an individual believes that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social organizations o Machiavellianism behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others o Self Esteem the extent to which a person believes she he is a worthwhile individual o Risk Propensity the degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and make risky decisions EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE o Emotional Intelligence or EQ the extent to which people are self aware can manage their emotions can motivate themselves express empathy for others and possess social skills Self Awareness is a person s capacity for being aware of how they are feeling Managing emotions is a person s capacity to ensure that feelings do not interfere with getting things accomplished Motivating oneself is a person s ability to remain optimistic in the face of failure Empathy is a person s ability to understand how others are feeling putting yourself in someone else s position Social skill is a person s ability to get along with others ATTITUDES AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR o Attitudes complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas situations or other people o Attitudinal Components Affective Component feelings and emotions toward a situation How we Feel I do not like this place Cognitive Component perceived knowledge why we feel the way we feel this place is bad worst store ever Intentional Component expected behavior in a given situation what we intend to do about the situation we are not shopping there anymore o Cognitive Dissonance the conflict individuals experience among their own attitudes The affective and cognitive components of the individuals attitude are in conflict with intended behavior WORK RELATED ATTITUDES o Job Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction an attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified or fulfilled by his her work o Job Satisfaction and Work Behaviors Job satisfaction is influenced by personal group and organizational factors Satisfied employees are absent less often make positive contributions and stay with the organization Dissatisfied employees are absent more often may experience stress which disrupts coworkers and may be continually looking for another job o Organizational Commitment an attitude that reflects an individual s identification with an attachment to an organization o Commitment and Work Behaviors Employee commitment strengthens with an individuals age years with the organization sense of job security and participation in decision making Committed employees have highly reliable habits plan a longer tenure with the organization and muster more effort in performance AFFECT AND MOOD IN ORGANIZATIONS o Positive Affectivity a tendency to be relatively upbeat and optimistic have an overall sense of well being see things in a positive light and seem to be in a good mood o Negative Affectivity a tendency to be generally downbeat and pessimistic tend to see things in a negative way and seem to be in a bad mood PERCEPTION AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR o Perception the sets of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets information o Selective Perception the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs If selective perception causes someone to ignore important information it can become quite detrimental o Stereotyping is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute gender race May cost the organization valuable talent violate federal anti bias laws and is likely unethical PERCEPTION AND ATTRIBUTION o Attribution a mechanism through which we observe behavior and attribute a cause to it o Ways in which Attributions are formed Consensus the extent to which other people in the same situation behave the same way Consistency the extent to which the same person behaves the same