Development as ScienceI. What causes us to develop?Nature vs. Nurture: our version of B=f(P+E+PE)1. Nature: biological; Person variableheredityinborna clone = behave same as original in all ways2. Nurture: not biological; environmental variableexperiencessocietal; culturallearned, taughtclone = could behave totally different than original3. Relationship between Nature and Nurtureinteract; the person/environment combo variableII. Research in DevelopmentCommon methodsExpl: day care = active?Kids running around play ground in the cold; wonder if there’s relationship between being in day careType of studyCorrelation: What two things are related?Can’t determine cause!They chose own groupsDaycare explExperiment: How do things affect each other?Can determine causeBy manip variables/groups using random assignmentDaycare explMOST RESEARCH = CORRELATIONALCommon DesignsCross-sectionalTest different age groups onceExpl: 3 yr olds vs 5 yr olds tested on activity levelMake comparison of two groups. How childcare influences this.Kids wear pedometer, count steps, find average5 yr olds take more stepsquicker method; take peek at if trend existsLongitudinalTest one group several times(at different ages)Expl: test same kids at 3 and 5 yrs for activity levelLonger, more extensiveMOST RESEARCH IS CROSS-SECTIONALIII. GoalsGoals of Psychology:Describe, explain, predict, change behaviorGoals of Developmental Psychology:Describe, explain, predict, change: physical, social, cognitive developmentDevelopmental Theories do this in systematic(predictable) waysComplex: no one theoryFocus: childhoodmuch changehistoric prejudiceI. Newborns: lack most motor skillsReflexesUnlearned responses caused by specific stimulationNature and nurture interactionPE = born with reflex; need situation to stimulate itExplanation: survivalSignals of healthIf absent or don’t go away  nervous system problemsIf after a year they don’t go away  problem with learning systemII. Infant/Child Motor SkillsA predictable sequenceUsually continuous change(keep improving)Systems of action  simples movements put togetherLearning to swim: take swimming lessons, baby steps practicing motions outside of water.Common ages but large individual differencesMostly universal changeAge 1: about half of children are walkingInfluenced byNature/P: maturation, size, sexNurture/E: practice, cultureIII. Gross Motor SkillsControl over large parts of the body that add up to locomotion(moving from place to place)Control over environmentNature influences Nurture  child has ability to move place to place, and can control their experience.New perspectives, learningCoffee table exampleSmall baby (instructed to sleep on their backs)Upper body muscles tend to be weak, so also instructed to give daily “tummy time” using their arms to push them upTheir only perspective on table is from below, until they crawl they have different persectives.Development of Walking  look at handout IV. Fine Motor SkillsSmall movements of hands and fingers that add up to grasping and holding object.Can manipulate environmentDevelop later than Gross Motor SkillsProximo-distal trendPrenatal: inner parts develop firstMotor: [head, trunk, arm, leg] control before [hands, fingers]  parts touching your core have more controlMust sit up to do themAny method: frees handsNature/Nurture and PENewborn Perceptual AbilitiesI. VisualAcuity  how well you seeAdult 20/20At birth: 20/400 to 20/600Legally blindTest: preferential looking  prefer looking at faces, motion, and high contrast between light and darkSee smaller spacesAccommodation: focusLens  change shape to focusNewborns: only within ten inchesII. AuditoryPrenatal: womb is loud!Fetus moves to loud soundsAt birth know moms voiceTurn toward it; suck moreNurture/EAcuityAlmost same as adultsAdults: 15 decibels softerAdult level: school age(age 5-6)Nature/PIII. TastePredictable facial expressions at birth(Nature)SweetSourBitterSaltyNo related expressionNewborns: drink salt h2oAmniotic fluid1 year: reject itinfluence of NurtureIV. OlfactoryNewborns know mothers’ scentsBreast fed babiesPrefer mom vs. strangerFormula fed babiesNo pref: mom vs. formulaDo prefer mom vs. strangerNature/P  born with abilityPreschoolers: adult sensitivitySocial learningNature/EV. TactileNewborns feel painBirth, circumcisions, gasNature/PSome touch might be or become too intenseWatch for distress cuesTouch soothes babiesUsed to it from wombNurture/EPSY 310 1st Edition Exam 1 Study GuideDevelopment as ScienceI. What causes us to develop?-Nature vs. Nurture: our version of B=f(P+E+PE)o 1. Nature: biological; Person variableheredityinborna clone = behave same as original in all wayso2. Nurture: not biological; environmental variableexperiencessocietal; culturallearned, taughtclone = could behave totally different than originalo3. Relationship between Nature and Nurtureinteract; the person/environment combo variableII. Research in Development-Common methodsoExpl: day care = active?Kids running around play ground in the cold; wonder if there’s relationship between being in day careoType of studyCorrelation: What two things are related?Can’t determine cause!-They chose own groupsDaycare explExperiment: How do things affect each other?Can determine causeBy manip variables/groups using random assignmentDaycare explMOST RESEARCH = CORRELATIONAL-Common DesignsoCross-sectionalTest different age groups onceExpl: 3 yr olds vs 5 yr olds tested on activity levelMake comparison of two groups. How childcare influences this.Kids wear pedometer, count steps, find average5 yr olds take more stepsquicker method; take peek at if trend existsoLongitudinalTest one group several times(at different ages)Expl: test same kids at 3 and 5 yrs for activity levelLonger, more extensiveoMOST RESEARCH IS CROSS-SECTIONALIII. Goals-Goals of Psychology:oDescribe, explain, predict, change behavior-Goals of Developmental Psychology:oDescribe, explain, predict, change: physical, social, cognitive developmentDevelopmental Theories do this in systematic(predictable) waysComplex: no one theoryFocus: childhoodmuch change historic prejudiceI. Newborns: lack most motor skills-ReflexesoUnlearned responses caused by specific stimulationNature and nurture interactionPE = born with reflex; need situation to stimulate itoExplanation: survival oSignals of