KIN 292 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture II What is Physiology and1 1 Organization of the Human Body Part I Current Lecture Understanding Physiology Physiology is the study of the functions of organisms Here we will study the science of HOW the human body works We need to know normal function as a base in order to understand 1 Clinical and pathological issues 2 Why exercise can be a physiological challenge and how it might be able to reverse or prevent clinical problems Physiology Complex concepts can be simplified Body functions are integrated Physiology is a work in progress your body isn t changing but our knowledge of how the body works in health and disease is improving everyday Your body is a masterpiece and physiology helps us to know why Four Levels of organization of the body Cell the smallest living units capable of carrying out life processes cardiac muscle cell Tissue A collection of cells performing a similar function left ventricle muscle tissue of the heart Organ two or more different tissue groups working together to perform a function heart Organ system collection of organs working together cardiovascular system Cells The body has more than 200 different cell types These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Cells can be classified into only four groups o Neurons nerve cells transmit information in the form of electrical signals o Muscle cells contract to generate mechanical force o Epithelial cells from barriers between compartments and controls what may or may not cross the barrier o Connective tissue cells everything else the most diverse cell classification Tissue Based primarily on cell function Correspond to four major cell types o Nerve tissue o Muscle tissue o Epithelium epithelial tissue o Connective tissue the most diverse tissue Neurons and Nerve Tissue o Transmit signals for communication o Have branches to receive or transmit messages Receive information from receptors Transmit information to muscles and other organs o Some neurons process information Muscle Cells o Specialized to contract o Voluntary or involuntary o Examples Flexing of an arm Pumping of blood Mixing of food in the stomach Epithelium Cells Epithelium o Epithelium sheet like layer of cells o Lines external body surfaces o Lines hollow organs or vessels Interior lumen o Functions as a barrier and a transport membrane o Glands Formed from epithelium Manufacture a product o Major classes of glands Exocrine glands Examples Sweat salivary Have ducts Endocrine glands Examples Pituitary adrenal No ducts Hormone released into blood Connective Tissue o Most diverse of the four tissues o Characterized by an extracellular matrix o Anchors and links structures of the body o Examples Bone tendons fat blood Organs and Organ Systems Organs Composed of at least two tissue types performing specific functions Organ system Collection of organs performing a particular task Body Functions are integrated Parts of the body work together Proper functioning of one part depends on the function of a different part or parts Examples o Muscle requires oxygen provided by erythrocytes in blood that are manufactured in bone marrow o Erythrocyte synthesis requires erythropoietin which is secreted by the kidneys o Oxygen is extracted from air breathed in by the lungs o Lung expansion is controlled by the nervous system o Blood is pumped by the heart
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