KIN 292 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-11This is the Practice Exam One given by Professor Starnes. For each question, there is either a definition or explanation for why the choices are right or wrong. There are six questions that I have not written up an explanation for because we either did not cover it in class or I could not find the resources to answer the question. Good luck on the exam.1.A) These are all types of epithelial tissueB) These are all types of organ systems C) Neurons, muscles, epithelial, and connective tissue- “Although more than 200 distinguishable kinds of cells are present in the body, there are only four major classes: (1) neurons, (2) muscle cells, (3) epithelial cells, (4) connective tissue cells.” –pg.3D) This line up is supposed to be for the “organization of the body” (1.1, pg. 2-3) b, but is incorrect. The line-up should be “Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems”E) These are all types of systems of organ systems2.A) Tissue- a collection of cells performing similar functions (pg. 5)B) Two or more tissues combined for form a structure that allows each tissue to function independently (not a definition for anything)C) A collection of cells that function independently of one another (not a definition for anything)D) Organs- A combination of two or more tissues that make up a structure which performs a specific function (pg. 5)E) A collection of tissues that function independently of one another (not a definition for anything)Note- organ system – collection of organs that work together to perform certain functions (pg.5) 3.A) Filtration- fluid from the bloodstream enter the tubules in the kidneys (pg. 7)B) Excretion- unabsorbed materials remain in the gastrointestinal tract and are ultimately eliminated from the body as feces (pg.7)C) Secretion – the stomach uses materials from the blood to produce acids and protein thatare then transported into the lumen (pg.7)D) Absorption- in gastrointestinal tract, the water, inorganic salts, and nutrients obtainedfrom digested food are transported from lumen to the bloodstream (pg.7)E) Reabsorption- as fluid travels along the length of the tubules, needed materials are selectively transported back into the bloodstream 4.A) Intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid- no because intracellular fluid is not one of the twoextracellular types. Intracellular and extracellular are two kinds of total body water kinds. Intracellular is fluid inside the cell and extracellular is fluid outside the cellB) Intracellular and plasma- no, again because intracellular is not an extracellular typeC) Intracellular fluid and blood- no because blood is not found in these fluid compartments.Extracellular fluid is found in the blood, not the other way around..D) Interstitial fluid and plasma- “Of the total volume of extracellular fluid, approximately 20% is found in the blood, and the remainder is found outside the blood. The portion that is present in the blood is plasma. The portion that is present outside of the blood and that bathes most of the cells in the body is called ISF.”- Pg.8E) Interstitial fluid and blood. No- same as C. Fluid is found in the blood, not the other way around5. Homeostasis- “maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment”- pg.9A) No- does not affect external environment B) No- does not affect external environment C) Maintains a constant internal environment D) No- the conditions are not variable E) No- does not affect the external environment 6.- Stimulus- stressor - Sensors- what detect a regulated variable and are sensitive to change- Integrating center- set of circuits in the brain/ endocrine gland. It is the center that compares the regulated variable to the set point- Effector- signals that the integrating center sends out to cells, tissues, or organs that bring the final response- Regulated variable- body’s temperature that stays within narrow limits- Negative feedback control- if a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease; if it decreases, the system responds by making it increase- Definitions found on pages 10-12 A (sensor) detects a change in a regulated variable and sends that information to the (integrating center) which relays signals to an (effector). Answer is A7. “Less than 139 is considered normal”“Pre-diabetics have fasting blood glucose levels of 100-125 mg/dl” “Greater than 200 mg/dl indicates diabetes”- pg.15Answer is A8. Slide 44, PowerPoint 1A) No“Fasting plasma glucose test - 60-100 mg/dl: normal (70-99 is range used by many others)- 100-125 mg/dl: pre-diabetes - >125 mg/dl: diabetes- leads to eye disease, kidney disease, nerve damageB) noOral glucose tolerance test- plasma glucose 2 hours after consuming 75 grams glucose. DM slows glucose removal - <139 mg/dl: normal- 140-199 mg/dl: pre-diabetes- >200 mg/dl: diabetesC) Yes Hemoglobin A1 level- % of Hb coated with sugar • Marker of blood glucose for 2-3 months- life span of red blood cell. Glucose only enters RBC when concentrations are high “D) This is not a real testE) This is not a real test9.A) Epithelial- “are found in tissues called epithelia which consist of a continuous, sheet-like layer of cells in combination with a thin underlying layer of non-cellular material called basement membrane” –pg. 4B) Connective- “is the most diverse. This cells type includes blood cells, bone cells, fat cells, and many other kinds of cells that seems to have little in common in of structure and function” –pg. 5C) Nervous- “ nerve cells are specialized to transmit information in the form of electrical signals”- pg. 4D) Muscle- “aka muscle fibers, are specialized to contract, thereby generating mechanical form and movement” – pg. 4E) Endocrine- not a kind of tissue 10. Refer to question 9C) Nervous- “nerve cells are specialized to transmit information in the form of electrical signals”- pg. 411. A) Intracellular fluid- located inside of the cell – “2/3 of TBW is in the ICF, and 1/3 of TBW is in the ECF”B) plasma- type of extracellular fluidC) Extracellular fluid- located outside of the cell –refer to quote aboveD) noE) Interstitial fluid-type of extracellular fluid 12. “Thermoreceptors are specialized nerve cells that are able to detect difference in temperature. Temperature is a relative measure of heat present in the environment. Thermoreceptors are able to detect hear and cold, and are found