Mr. DunbarAP European HistoryChapter 28: World War II OutlineChapter Overview- The origins of World War II- The course of the war- Racism and the Holocaust- The impact of the war on the people of Europe- Relationships among the victorious allies and the preparations for peaceSection One: Again the Road to War- Section Overviewo German discontent over economic depression that struck Germany in 1923 and again in 1930 was attributed to the Versailles settlemento Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party denounced the treaty and used strict discipline to attract people to their platform- Hitler’s Goalso Racial theory was at the core of Hitler’s ideology as he sought to strengthen the nation of the volk—a racial group composed of ethnically German people Involved the removal of inferior groups, like Jews, in order to purify the new Germanyo Hitler sought to extend the boundaries of the German nation to include parts of the old Habsburg Empire, especially Austriao Lebensraum (“living space”) additional land needed to expand the power of the German nation inhabitants of that land, like the Slavs, would be forced into servitudeo Germany Rearms In 1933, Germany withdrew from an international disarmament conference and also from the League of Nations. In 1935, Germany formally renounced the disarmament provisions of the Treaty of Versailles and began building a modern air force and reinstated conscription (army grew to 500,000 men)o League of Nations Fails Japan invaded Manchuria (in China); China pleas to the League of Nations to impose sanctions against Japan; the League condemned the act put failed to impose sanctions; Japan withdraws fromthe League and maintained control of Manchuria The League of Nations condemned Hitler’s rearmament program but took no actions to deter it.- Britain and France felt hypocritical in enforcing this as they both refused to disarm- Stresa Front—Britain and France met with Mussolini promising to use force to maintain the status quo in Europe- Britain violated the Stresa Front by making a pact with Germany that allowed Hitler to builda navy 35% the size of that of Britain’s.- Italy Attacks Ethiopiao In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and it became clear that the Western Powers had little motivation to resist this action. League of Nations did condemn the act and imposed an arms embargo that limited loans and creditto Italy. France and Britain refused to embargo oil, which would have forced Italy to withdraw from Ethiopia. Britain allowed Italian troops and munitions to reach Ethiopia through the Suez Canalo The League of Nations and the idea of collective security were discredited. Public opinion in western Europe turned against Italy which led Mussolini to seek closer ties with Germany and they formed the Rome-Berlin Axis.- Remilitarization of the Rhinelando Hitler sent a small armed force to the demilitarized Rhineland which violated both the Versailles treaty and the Locarno Agreements. Britain and France filed a complaint with the League of Nations but neither did anything to resist- The Allies lost a great opportunity in the Rhineland to stop Hitler before he became overly brazen.- The French army along the border would have easily destroyed the small German force placed in the Rhineland.o Policy of Appeasement Britain and France set out to negotiate with Germany as they believed the Germans had real grievances and that Hitler’s goals were acceptable The western powers legitimately dreaded the thought of another war. Immediately following World War I, France had built a line of defenses along its new border with Germany known as the Maginot Line- The Spanish Civil Waro This conflict in Spain made a new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side andthe fascist states on the other.o Civil War in Spain The monarchy collapsed in 1931 and Spain became a more democratic republic that really did not make anyone happy.- Conservative groups like landowners, the Catholic Church, and nationalists felt their way of life was attacked by the new system- Peasants, workers, and radicals were not satisfied either. Elections in 1936 brought to power a Spanish Popular Front government which brought to power republicans, communists, and anarchist.- Fascist in France would not accept this government General Francisco Franco led an army from Spanish Morocco against the republic and a war eruptedthat lasted three years- Germany and Italy supported Franco with troops, airplanes, and supplies- The Soviet Union sent equipment and advisors to assist the republican government.- American and European volunteers fought with the republicans against the fascist.o Spanish Civil War—training ground for World War II Rome-Berlin Axis was formed in 1936 and brought Italy and Germany closer together; they were joined by Japan who wanted to eradicate the spread of communism. France and Britain had great interest in preventing the spread of fascism to Spain but failed to send their armieso Barcelona fell to Franco’s fascist army in 1939 and they won control of the Spanish government of which Franco remained leader until his death in 1975.- Austria and Czechoslovakiao Anschluss—term used to describe the union of Germany and Austria this was always a goal of the Nazi Party and Hitler in 1934, the Nazi Party in Austria assassinated the prime minister of Austria and attempted to seize power but Mussolini moved troops to Italy’s border with Austria to prevent the coup. Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schusnigg announced a plebiscite in 1938 to poll the Austrian people to prove they opposed unification with Germany On March 12, a day prior to the plebiscite, Hitler sent an army into Austria and seized control.o Hitler’s territorial aspirations in Czechoslovakia ethnic Germans who lived in the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia made demands for autonomy- supported by Hitler and nationalist leader Konrad Henlein fearing a German attack, the Czechs mobilized for war and were assured by Britain, France, and the Soviet Union that they would be supported- Hitler had not mobilized for war and was embarrassed by the ordeal British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain attempted to broker concessions between the two opposing sides but to no avail; at a Nuremberg Nazi Party Rally on September 12, 1938 Hitler made a provocative speech that led to rioting in the Sudetenland which was ceded to