Chapter 8: The Adaptive Mind- LearningHow do animals use reflexes, instincts, and learning, to respond to the environment?- Behavioro External or internalo Emotions, thoughts, and physiological responseso Reflexes- inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli Controlled by nervous system circuits located in spinal cord and brainstem Produce very fast, very reliable responses that serve to promote your welfareo Instincts- an inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli. Also known as a fixed action pattern  Reliable and not dependent on experience Require many more neurons than the number involved in reflex Ex. Mother licking young, contagious yawningo Learning- a relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experience After learning, we can do something new that we couldn’t do before, providing us with enormous advantages in surviving a changing worldo 20th century psychology was dominated by beliefs that compared to other animals, humans have few reflexes and instincts and that most human behavior results from learning.o William James- said we have more instincts but are unaware of them; our behaviors appear more complex because we often face the need to choose between competing instincts while animals behavior is more automatic and less thoughtfulo Experience has different effects at different times in an organism’s lifespano Imprinting- the tendency of young animals to bond with and follow an adult is very dependent on timingWhat are the three main types of learning?- Associative learning- the formation of associations or connections among stimuli and behaviorso Helps us to predict the future based on past experienceo Provided survival advantageso Classical conditioning- a type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time Ex. Child sees bee, bee stings; child then scared of beeso Operant conditioning- A type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes Ex. Study hard, get good grades- Nonassociative learning- Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimuluso Habituation- A simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease Occurs in response to milder stimuli Ensures we don’t waste resources monitoring low-priority stimuli Ex. Sleeping better the second night in a hotel than the first night; get used to new sounds and noises Ex. Child gets used to violent video games and then is violento Sensitization- an increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one very strong stimulus Occurs in response to stronger stimuli After detecting one harmful stimulus, raising our overall level of responsiveness should improve reaction time should other dangers arise Ex. After an earthquake, people experience exaggerated responses to movement, light, or noise- Observational Learning- Learning that occurs when an organism watches the actionsof another. Also known as social learning or modeling.o Provides the advantage of transmitting information across generations within families and cultures.What is Classical Conditioning?- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov- did the dog anticipating food experimento Classical conditioning often called Pavlovian conditioning - Explains many of our learned emotional responses to our environment- Forms the basis for man practical applications from prepared childbirth methods to the treatment of drug addiction and unrealistic fearsClassical Conditioning Terminology- Conditioned- something that must be learned- Unconditioned- factors that are reflexive or that occur without any learning- Conditioned stimulus (CS)- an environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)- a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior experienceo Ticking sound was the conditions stimulus o Food was the unconditioned stimulus- Conditioned responses (CR)- a response learned through classical conditioning- Unconditioned responses (UCR)- A response to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience- Salivating from food is unconditioned because we do it reflexively- But salivating to ticking metronomes is conditioned- The appearance of conditioned responding tells us that learning has occurred- Once learning has taken place, the organism now responds to conditioned stimuli that reliably predict the arrival of the unconditioned stimulusClassical Conditioning PhenomenaAcquisition- Acquisition- the development of a learned response- The CS and the UCS must be close proximity in time or else the organism may not view the two stimuli as related- Requires contingency, or a correlation between the CS and the UCSExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery- Extinction- The reduction of a learned response. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the consequence no longer follows the learned behavioro When Pavlov continued to expose his dogs to the ticking of metronome without providing any food, the dogs eventually stopped salivating in response to the sound of the metronome.- Spontaneous recovery- during extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of resto Password, you learn a new one but you still type in the old one until you completely forget the old oneInhibition- Inhibition- a feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus actually predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulusGENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION- Once a conditioned response is successfully acquired, organisms often show a tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.- Generalization- the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus- Discrimination- a learned ability to distinguish between stimuliHigher Order Conditioning- Higher order conditioning- learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned respondingLatent Inhibition- Latent inhibition- the slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar compared to when the conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar.Cognitive and Biological influences on Classical ConditioningThe Element of Surprise- Learning will occur as a function of how