Chapter 12: The Individual Mind- Personality and the Self- China has a much lower rate of depression than the USWhat is Personality?- Personality- characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving- The study of personality for the first half of the 20th century was dominated by the psychodynamic approaches of Sigmund Freud and his followers, who regarded personality as shaped by early childhood experiencesHow do Psychodynamic Theories View Personality?- Psychodynamic- A theory put forward by Sigmund Freud in which psychic energy moves among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, superego.o Von Brucke used the term as an extension of the first law of thermodynamics,which states that energy in a closed system can change from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyedFreud’s Psychodynamic Theory- Freud known for his success in treating patients with hysteria, a condition characterized by physical symptoms without medical cause that is known today as somatoform or somatic symptom disorder- Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud’s treatment approach based on his psychodynamic theoryFreud’s Model of the Structure of Personality- Id, ego, superego- Id- The component of Feud’s personality theory containing primitive drives present at birtho Hunger, thirst, sexo Operates according to the pleasure principle, in which it seeks immediate gratification and relief- Ego- the component of Freud’s personality theory that is the self that others seeo Its task is to coordinate the needs of the id with reality- Superego- the component of Freud’s personality theory that internalizes society’s rules for right and wrong, or the conscienceo Develops when a child begins to internalize his or her society’s rules for right and wrongLevels of Awareness- Unconscious mind- the part of mental activity that cannot be voluntarily retrieved- One tenth of the mind is conscious and the rest is unconscious- Preconscious- material that could move at any time into the conscious state, but is not there presently- Unacceptable and threatening ideas maintained in the unconscious mind are activelyrepressed, or blocked from entering consciousness- Repressed ideas can leak into consciousness in the form of anxiety symptoms, dreams, and verbal errors which we now refer to as “Freudian slips”Defense Mechanisms- Defense mechanisms- in Freud’s personality theory, a protective behavior that reduces anxiety- 9 primary defense mechanismso Repression, sublimation, rationalization, displacement, reaction formation, projection, denial, regression, and identificationo Helps us channel potentially self-destructive or painful psychic energy into more constructive or manageable behaviors- Each mechanism has its limitso If a person continually uses a particular mechanism or even defense mechanisms in general, they risk doing damage to the self as wellStages of Psychosexual Development- Freud’s use of the word sexual was closer to our word sensual, referring to all sources of physical pleasureo Baby’s may be simple touch or nursing- Psychosexual stage- a stage in Freud’s theory of the developing personalityo 5 stages Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genitalo Oedipus complex During phallic stage Child’s first love object is the parent of the opposite sex Child competes with the same-sex parent for attention from the opposite-sex parent Freud argues that the Oedipus complex will be resolved when the child reduces conflict through identification with the same-sex parent- A failure to resolve a particular conflict resulted in fixationo If fixation occurs the person maintains childlike behaviors that are related to the conflict and stage in which problems occurredo I.e. a child who does not receive adequate stimulation in the oral stage may experience an oral fixation and may continue to pursue oral gratification in the form of overeating, smoking, or drinking through adulthood- Fixations could lead to the development of a neurosis (anxiety disorder)Contemporary views of Freud- Instead of viewing children as miniature adults, Freud saw them as having different needs at different ages, which revolutionized many aspects of parenting and childcare- Contemporary scientists point out that Freud’s ideas rarely lend themselves to scientific investigationThe Neo-Freudians- Neo-Freudian- a theorist who attempted to update and modify Freud’s original theory of personality- Main feature of theories was a substitution of social competence for sexuality and pleasure as the major motivation for human behaviorAlfred Adler- Contributed the notion of an inferiority complex to the psychodynamic thought- Inferiority complex- overwhelming feelings of inferiorityo Can lead to overcompensation, usually in the form of seeking the appearance of superiority rather than the substance- Suggested that siblings, along with parents, could have an influence on development,leading to investigation of the effects of birth orderCarl Jung- Divided the unconscious mind into two componentso Personal unconscious same as Freud’so Collective unconscious- comprised of our common psychological predispositions as human beings passed from generation to generation- His ideas are echoed in today’s evolutionary approach to psychology, which views the mind as having adapted over the course of evolution- Provided more specific information about differences in individual personalityo Extrovertion- outgoingo Introversion- relatively less outgoingKaren Horney- Studied women’s feelings of inferiority- Became convinced that men envied women’s ability to become pregnant and to be mothers- Her emphasis on the impact of a male-dominated society on women helped set the stage for many subsequent feminist scholarsHow do humanists approach personality?- Humanistic psychology referred to as “third-force” psychology- Humanists were convinced that human beings are unique, and they argued that the animal research favored by behaviorists was irrelevant- Believed human nature was basically good- Believed that psychodynamic theories placed too much emphasis on abnormal behavior and they advocated studying exceptional people to see why they succeded- Abraham Maslow- interested in human motivationo Observed exceptional people had similar traits Had few friends, well-developed senses of humor, and periodic mystic or peak experiences- Carl Rogers- theory of personality based on his experience as a therapisto Believed that humans