Chapter 15: Healing the Troubled Mind- Therapy- Possible causes of OCDo Genetic vulnerabilityo Presence of too much activity in certain areas of the brain- PET scan provides a measure of brain activity- When a person is medicated for OCD, we observe a reduction in the activity of the basal gangliao Basal ganglia are involved in motor control, including actions over which you are not exerting conscious control- It is possible to show differences in brain activity from behavioral treatmentsHow do Psychologists Provide Therapy?- 30% of patients with schizophrenia do not seem to respond to treatments- The other 70% experience some relief from their troubling symptomsApproaches to Treatment- Psychotherapies- treatment designed to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through conversation between the therapist and patient or clientBiological Approaches- When untreated, syphilis can produce a characteristic set of abnormal behaviors, including hallucinations, delusions, and changes in mood and personality- The discovery that behaviors like hallucinations could have a biological cause led to the recognition that abnormal behavior can result from infection or other medical conditions- John Cade discovered that lithium salts could produce remarkable improvements in behavior of bipolar disorderPsychological Approaches- Franz Anton Mesmer- used hypnosis to treat hysteria; “mesmerized”; In many cases people with hysteria no longer experienced their symptoms under hypnosis and continued to be symptom-free even after they left the hypnotic state- Jean-Martin Charcot- French neurologist who reported positive outcomes of hypnosis- Humanistic therapies- a therapy approach patterned after the theories proposed by humanistic psychologists- Counseling- treatment originally proposed by humanistic therapists that includes a focus on personal strengths and development; now used to refer to treatment for adjustment problems as opposed to severe psychological disorders- Today’s field of counseling psychology mirrors the more positive view of human nature held by the humanists by focusing on personal strengths and development.Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)- EBP combines research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values to provide the best outcome for a patient- EBP has 5 stepso Construct an answerable questiono Conducts a search of most current scientific literature related to the questiono Clinician critically evaluated the relevant literatureo Info is integrated with data regarding a particular caseo Clinician evaluates his or her performance based on the patient’s outcomes and makes necessary adjustmentsClinical Assessment- Methods of assessment are: interviews, observations, and some set of standardized testsThe Therapists- General medical practitioners, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses,a nd religious leaders, provide counseling and psychotherapy- State goernments admister licensing- Psychotherapist- a licensed professional who provides psychotherapy- Psychiatrists- a medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry and can use medical procedures, such as the prescribing of medication, to treat psychological disorderso First obtain a standard MDo Then spend an additional 3-4 years specializing in psychiatryo Allowed to perform medical procedures like prescribing medication- Psychologist- professionals who have completed advanced degrees in psychology, including those who become psychotherapistso Most psychologists earn the traditional academic Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)o Clinical psychology is the path taken by psychology graduate students who wish to study, teach, or practice psychotherapyo Clinical psychology students must spend an additional year providing treatment in a supervised internship- The Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree was developed to train students to provide services without undergoing the extensive training in research methods that characterizes the PhD degree- Both PhD and PsyD are accredited by the American Psychological Associationo lack of emphasis on research characteristic of the PsyD degree has led to concerns about the ability of these graduates to think scientifically about their choice of methodso 65% of the faculty in institutions granting the traditional PhD teach scientifically supported cognitive-behavioral techniqueso Only 30% of faculty in PsyD programs teach cognitive-behavioral techniques- In addition to treating people with diagnosed psychological disorders, clinical psychologists often provide marriage and family counseling, substance abusecounseling, vocational counseling, grief counseling, rehabilitation counseling, and prison counseling- The master of divinity (MDiv) degree typically includes human development and counseling courses taught within schools of divinity- Life coaching requires no licensing- Coaches perform the same duties as psychotherapistsDelivering PsychotherapyVariations in Length of Treatment- Most psychotherapy is individual, face-to-face, hour-long meeting with therapist andpatient; 4 to 5 times per week- Cognitive-behavioral therapies might occur once per week for 6 weeks- Brief therapy- psychotherapy provided in a very short time frame, usually between 3and 5 sessionso Focus on “solution-building rather than problem solving”Alternatives to Individual Therapy- Group therapy- psychotherapy conducted with a group of patients or clients rather than individuallyo Can be homogenous, group members have same problem, or heterogeneous, where group members have diverse diagnoseso Between 6 and 12 individuals- Advantageso Offers hope to members who benefit from seeing others who have made more progresso Benefit from knowing that others share their condition, decreasing isolation- Family therapy- a type of therapy in which family members participate individually and in combination with other family members- Couples therapy- a type of family therapy that focuses on intimate relationshipso Used when a child or teen is experiencing problemso Maintaining the confidentiality of all participantsInnovative Delivery Systems- Online therapyo Privacy, engaging in therapy from home, and ability to choose a suitable therapist regardless of location are advantageso Because written word conveys less info than face-to-face, this could be viewed as a disadvantageContemporary Challenges in Treatment- Originally, therapy was provided by individual professionals in small private practices- In 20th century, model became rare and