ASTR 101 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide: Chapters 11-17 and some of 18Need green scantronChapter 11-17 and some of 18 I. Physicsa. Degeneracy pressurei. Electrons DP- iron star, white dwarf, helium core in a star. Related to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. ii. Neutrons DPb. Relativity (ch 16)i. Special R- based on the principle that the laws of physics are the same for all uniformly moving observers, and the speed of light is the same for all observers. Different observers measure different times, lengths, and massesii. General R-- tries to solve the problem of motion under gravity. Matter tells space-time how to curve. Curved space-time tells matter how to move. The laws of physics are the same for any freely falling observers (there is no distinction between gravitational and internal accelerations). iii. Go throught the "what is good relativity?" slide(slide 2 on Chapter 16 ppt)!! May have a few questions over it. II. GPSa. Time dilation in gravitational fieldb. Stretching of spacec. Space-timed. Look back time, near earth and far away…II. Starsa. Suni. Source of energyii. Structure, star quakes as probe(?) of stellar structureiii. Proton-proton chain, energy transportiv. Solar activity and Sun spotsb. Surveys of starsi. Luminosity, temperature (color) and mass (radius). How do these quantities show up on the HR diagram?ii. H-R Diagramiii. Main sequence, giants, supergiants, and white dwarfsiv. Star clusters (globular clusters), ages of stars and star clustersb. Star stuffi. Formationii. Evolution 1. Low mass- planetary nebulae (has nothing to do with planet, at end of star's life it ejects lots of gas into interstellar media), white dwarf, Type 1asupernova--can produce iron if explodes (no Hydrogen, no helium, strong silicon)2. High mass (core collapse supernova (many with strong hydrogen)b. Nuclear burningi. Low mass- never goes beyond carbon, doesn't produce iron in a low mass starii. High mass- CNO cycleb. Chemical evolution in stars-- after you learn how stars burn and produce heavy elements, should understand how chemical layers evolve in stars. c. Some special stars: White dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holesd. The mass limit for white dwarfs and neutron stars determined by degeneracy pressure (10 solar mass neutron star is wrong. There is a limit!)e. Novae/supernovaei. Novae is something occurring on surface of white dwarfs but not blowing whitedwarf apart. It may produce some nuclear reaction and matter you dumped onthe surface of WF will be ejected into interstellar medium, causing a novaii. Type 1a supernova- white dwarf itself explodes and disappearsII. Galaxiesa. Milky wayi. Structure1. Disk- gas and dust2. Bulge- closer to center and doesn’t have much of the cold gas either3. Halo- small amount of hot gas, no dust, no cold gas (no star-forming activities)4. Kinematicsa. Disk, halo, and bulge.b. Disk move on a disk orbiting the center of milky wayc. Halo stars move at a higher orbitii. Star-gas-star structure- each of the circles produce more metaliii. History of the halo and diskiv. The galactic center-- the super-massive black holeb. Surveys of galaxiesi. Three major types of galaxies (elliptical, spiral, irregular), galaxy clusteringii. Distances of galaxies1. Cepheid variables, standard candle, type 1a supernova2. Hubble's law, age of the universe3. Look back timeii. Galaxy evolutioniii. Protogalactic clouds, orbiting galaxies, starburstsII. Cosmologya. Expanding space-timei. Relativistic view of space-timeii. Matter, energy, and space-timeb. Big-bang and inflationi. Forces in early universeii. Planck, GUT electroweak, particle, nucleosynthesis, nuclei, atoms, galaxiesb. Evidence of Big Bangi. CMBii. Cosmic abundance of elementsb. Inflationc. The problems and solution--structure formation, CMB homogeneities, flatness of theuniversed. Dark matter (what are the rotation curves? they violate Kepler's law), dark energy (we see the expansion of the universe has accelerated, why did that happen? Mysterious force in the universe and we don’t know what that is--DE)i. What are they?ii. Why do we think they exist?II. An example problem:a. A galaxy was found to be at a redshift of 7200 km/sec. b. What is the distance to the galaxy according to Hubble's Law (assuming a Hubble constant of 72 kmsec/Mpc)?c. What is the look back time to the galaxy in years (1 parasec - 3.26 light years)?d. 7200/72 = 100 e. answer = 326 million