PSYC 3620 Developmental Psychology Ch 10 Vocabulary 1 Emotion the body s physiological reaction to a situation the cognitive interpretation of the situation communication to another person actions 2 Emotion schemas all the associations interpretations that an individual connects to a certain emotion 3 Temperament the general emotional style an individual displays in responding to events 4 Easy temperament a child s general responsiveness marked by positive mood easy adaptation to change regularity patterns of eating sleeping elimination 5 Difficult temperament a child s general responsiveness marked by a more negative mood intense responses slow adaptation to change irregular patterns of eating sleeping elimination 6 Slow to warm temperament a general responsiveness marked by a slow adaptation to new experiences moderate irregularity in eating sleeping elimination 7 Goodness of fit how well a child s temperamental characteristics match the demands of the child s environment 8 Self conscious emotions emotions that depend on awareness of oneself such as pride guilt shame 9 Guilt feelings children have when they think about the negative aspects of something they have done particularly moral failures 10 Shame a feeling that occurs as a result of personal failure or when children attribute their bad behavior to an aspect of themselves that they believe they cannot change 11 Empathy sharing the feelings of other people 12 Sympathy concern for others welfare that often leads to helping or comforting them 13 Social referencing using the reaction of others to determine how to react in ambiguous situations 14 Effortful control the ability to consciously control one s behavior 15 Delay of gratification the ability to wait until later to get something desirable 16 Emotional intelligence the ability to understand control one s emotions to understand the emotions of others to use this understanding in human interactions 17 Externalizing behaviors behaviors such as aggressive or destructive behavior in which the child or adolescent acts out on the environment 18 Internalizing behaviors behaviors in which a child s emotions are turned inward become hurtful to themselves 19 Anxiety a vague fear about events that may or may not occur 20 Anxiety disorder a level of anxiety that is severe lasts a long time interferes with normal functioning 21 Phobia an irrational fear of something specific that is so severe that it interferes with day to day functioning 22 Clinical depression a condition marked by feelings of worthlessness hopelessness a lack of pleasure sleep appetite disturbances possibly suicidal thoughts 23 Oppositional defiant disorder a persisting pattern of behavior marked by defiant disobedient hostile behavior toward authority figures 24 Conduct disorder a persistent pattern of behavior marked by violation of the basic rights of others or major age appropriate social norms or rules 25 Coercive family environment a pattern of family interaction in which parents children mutually train each other so that the child becomes increasingly aggressive the parents become less effective in controlling the child s behavior 26 Attachment an emotional bond to a particular person 27 Secure attachment a strong positive emotional bond with a person who provides comfort a sense of security 28 Secure base for exploration the use of a parent to provide the security that an infant can rely on as she explores the environment 29 Drive reduction the idea that human behavior is determined by the motivation to satisfy or reduce the discomfort caused by biological needs or drives 30 Preattachment the stage of development from birth to 6 weeks in which infant sensory preferences bring infants into close connection with parents 31 Attachment in the making the stage from 6 weeks to 6 8 months in which infants develop stranger anxiety differentiating those they know from those they don t 32 Clear cut attachment the stage from 6 8 months to 18 months 2 years when an infant develops separation anxiety when a person he is attached to leaves him 33 Goal corrected partnership the stage of development of attachment from 18 months on when toddlers create reciprocal relationships with their mothers 34 Stranger anxiety fearfulness that infants develop at about 6 months of age toward people they do not know 35 Separation anxiety distress felt when separated from parent 36 Internal working model mental representations of the particular attachment relationships that a child has experienced that become the model for expectations of future relationships 37 Anxious avoidant attachment an attachment classification in which the infant is not distressed when his mother leaves is just as comfortable with the stranger as with his mother and when his mother returns does not rush to greet her 38 Strange Situation Mary Ainsworth s experimental procedure designed to assess security of attachment in infants 39 Anxious ambivalent resistant attachment an attachment classification in which the infant is reluctant to move away from his mother to explore is very distressed when his mother leaves but when his mother returns he wants to approach her but also angrily resists her attempt to pick him up 40 Disorganized disoriented attachment an attachment classification in which behavior is unpredictable odd shows no coherent way of dealing with attachment issues often linked with parental abuse or neglect 41 Secure base script the expectation that a child develops that distress will be met with care concern support 42 Reactive attachment disorder RAD a disorder marked by inability to form attachments to caregivers