BIOL 101 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 8 13 Chapters 6 8 10 About Exam 2 Format Expect many matching sections especially for vocabulary Most vocabulary will be provided but not all definitions will be All in class quiz questions will be asked on Exam 2 Most questions about the cycles will be asked using multiple choice format questions The question regarding processes that occur during photosynthesis and respiration will be asked by giving a statement and asking whether the statement is true of one both or neither The information on this study guide is a combination of her review session and the SI review session Chapter 6 Lecture 8 Tour of the Cell Vocabulary to know Cytoskeleton a network of proteins and fibers in the cytoplasm that gives the cell internal support Microtubules round long hollow tubes of protein usually tubulin they determine the pathway for organelle movement make up the centrioles cell division and cell motility flagella and cilia Microfilaments long thin stringy proteins that work with microtubules to give the cell shape and structure support cytoplasmic streaming in plants and amoeboid movement they are usually composed of actin an intertwined helix shape Intermediate fibers these fibers give the cell strength fix organelle position and are the main framework of the cytoskeleton Things to know What are the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell Label them and describe their basic function Nucleus source of genetic material DNA surrounded by double membrane with nuclear pores that are big enough for large molecules and ribosomes to pass through Nucleolus place inside nucleus where ribosomes are assembled looks like a dark spot in nucleus Cytoplasm everything between nucleus and plasma membrane including semi fluid cytoplasm and organelles Ribosomes site of protein synthesis made of RNA and proteins Vesicles membrane sacs which are pinched off and move from one membrane site to another Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum nuclear membrane is directly connected to this which is directly connected to Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus is connected by vesicles to lysosomes vacuoles plasma membrane it transports molecules to where they need to go in the cell Microbodies sacs which contain specialized enzymes for specific metabolic tasks Mitochondria site of cellular respiration found in nearly all eukaryotic cells Chloroplasts site of photosynthesis make sugar using CO2 and water What is the endomembrane system Which organelles are included in this The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are either directly connected to one another or indirectly connected by vesicles The organelles included in this are vesicles the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus What are the three major differences between an animal cell and a plant cell There are three major differences plants have chloroplasts plants have cell walls and plants have a large central vacuole What is a cell junction Which kinds are in plant cells and animal cells Describe them Cell junctions are Plasma membrane areas specialized to provide contact between cells Plants have plasmodesmata a type of cell junction in which there is free passage of water and small molecules Animals have three types of cell junctions tight junctions desmosomes and gap junctions Tight junctions block the space between cells water proofing it Desmosomes rivet the cells together but still allow substances to move in intercellular spaces Gap junctions are connections between cells allowing intercellular transport of small molecules This junction is most similar to the plasmodesmata found in plants Chapter 8 Lectures 9 10 Introduction to Metabolism Vocabulary to know Metabolism the combination of all of the chemical processes that occur in a cell Metabolic pathways ordered series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the reactant for the next reaction Catabolic pathway pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple molecules Anabolic pathway pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules starting with simple molecules Enthalpy total potential energy of a molecule bond energy H Entropy quantitative measure of disorder S Gibbs free energy the amount of energy available to do work G Catalyst speeds up a reaction without being used in the reaction over and over Substrate the substance being catalyzed Active site the 3 D pocket in which the substrate is held it is specific to its shape of the enzyme Transition site the point in which the structure is intermediate between the structure of the reactants and that of the products Free energy of activation the minimum energy that must be input to a chemical system containing potential reactants in order for a chemical reaction to occur Enzyme biological catalysts made from proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cell Things to know What are the two laws of thermodynamics 1st Law energy can be transferred or transformed but cannot be created or destroyed 2nd Law every energy transfer makes the universe more disordered What are the two types of energy Kinetic energy of motion Potential energy of position What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions Exergonic reactions are spontaneous the reactants have more bond energy H than products there is energy being released S increases during the reaction because products are more disordered and G is the maximum amount of work that reaction can do Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous reactants have less bond energy H than products energy is being consumed S tends to decrease during the reaction because products are more ordered G is the minimum amount of work required to make a reaction go Draw the basic structure of ATP How is it used to do work in the cell Adenosine triphosphate ATP is the usual immediate source for cellular work It releases phosphates causing the molecule to become energized and allowing the cell to do work List the six ways that enzymes can be regulated and describe them Substrate concentration more substrate increases the rate of reaction pH too acidic or too basic will cause reaction rate to slow or not occur altogether Temperature warm temperatures increase the rate of reaction but only to a certain threshold Cofactors and coenzymes small non protein molecules that are required for the activity of some enzymes that can be inorganic iron zinc or organic vitamins Competitive