SOCI 3225Exam # 3 Study Guide#1World/Global city theory (discuss theory)Give examples of cities; Name 2-3 cities using “Bands of Arenas” (I-IV)Compare Derudder’s vs. Friendmann & Sassen’s Theory of World/Global cities#2Nested City Theory (discuss theory)Use Hill, Fujita & LughodUse cities for examplesCompare Nested to Friendmann & Sassen’s theory of world/global citiesDefine:- World/Global City Theory: (2, 7, 9-12)o Derudder (9-11, 35) Conceptualizing world cities as global service centers, GaWC has developed a methodology for studying work city network formation. In this paper, we have complemented previous exploratory analyses of the world city network with as mainobjectives: 1) the unraveling of the fuzzy spatial dimensions behind world city formation; 2) the description of the network at a level of geographical detail never before attempted Although we specify world cities as an interlocking network to which we apply a global level analysis, our results clearly reveal both hierarchical & regional tendencies within the data. First, the hierarchical tendencies contra Sassen’s famous global trilogy, a dual city arrangement heading the network: London & NY form a distinct arena & Tokyo appears in an arena at the next level of connectivity. Overall, hierarchical tendencies interact with regionality: clusters with low average connectivity tend to be more regionally restricted in membership. These geographical features suggest that our results show more than clusters in an abstract ‘service space’; they represent urban arenas in a geographical space that’s the world city network. Second, the regional tendencies show the three world-economy core regions-Northern American, Western Europe & pacific Asia to be quite different in their allocations to arenas. In northern America, US cities seem to be typified by: 1) high levels of distinctiveness; and 2) with a connectivity gap created in their globalization.In contrast, European cities are both linked into other continents & cover all levels ofarena. Pacific Asia shows a globalization gap larger than that of the US Arguably, the most important result is the light our analysis shines on non-core (‘third world’)cities in the world city network. While both Asian & Latin American urban arenas arequite well represented across all bands beyond the center, & Arab cities & SA cities feature in relative important Asian & commonwealth arenas, inter-tropical African cities all cluster in a single arena with marginal position in the network. We’ve tried to enhance insight into globalization through the depiction of a new & detailed geography of the world city network. We’ve not limited ‘globalization forces’ to just ‘global cities’ but have incorporated a very large number of cities into a single global urban analysis. Contemporary globalization isn’t an end product in itself but an ongoing bundle of processes. This means that the gaps in the pattern that we’ve identified may be filled in the coming years as connectivity within the world city network intensifies. On the other hand the gaps may widen as global services become more concentrated in fewer cities. We can’t know which of theses future scenarios will come to pass, but we do know the we’ll not be able to assess such changes unless we have a good empirical understanding of the contemporary world city networko Friendmann (2, 7-10, 14, 36, 37, 123, 140, 142, 166) World cities articulate regional, national & international economies into a global economy. They serve as the organizing nodes of a global economic system A space of global capital accumulation exists, but it’s smaller than the world as a whole. Major world regions & their populations are, at present, virtually excluded from this space, living in a permanent subsistence economy World cities are large urbanized spaces of intense economic & social interaction World cities can re arranged hierarchically, roughly in accord with the economic power they command. They’re cities through which regional, national & international economies are articulated with the global capitalist system of accumulation. A city’s ability to attract global investments ultimately determines its rank in the order of world cities. However, its fortunes in this regard, as well as its ability to absorb external shocks from technological innovations & political change, are variable. Cities may rise into the rank of cities; they may drop form the order & raise or fall too. The controlling world city strata constitute a social class that has been called the transnational capitalist class. Its interests are he smooth functioning of the global system of accumulation; its culture is cosmopolitan; and its ideology is consumerist. Its presence gives rise to often severe conflict between itself & subaltern classes who have more locally defined territorial interests & whose rise into the transnational class is blockedo Sassen (2, 9, 10, 18, 19, 35-37, 47, 123, 272) The central concern in this chapter was to explain the counterintuitive tendency for the top-level functions of leading global & often digitized sectors to evince significant agglomeration economies. The concentration has occurred in the face of the globalization of economic activity & revolutionary changes in technology that have the power to neutralize distance I examine the case of the leading financial center in the world today to see whether the concentration of financial activity & value has declined given globalization of markets & immense increases in the global volume of transitions. The levels of concentration remain unchanged int eh face of massive transformations in the financial industry & in the technological infrastructure this industry depends on. But what exactly is the space of the center in the contemporary economy, one characterized by growing use of electronic & telecommunication capabilities. In the past & up until quite recently, in fact, the center was synonymous with the downtown or the CBD. Today, the spatial correlate for the center can assume several geographic forms. It can be the CBD, which remains as the most strategic center in the most global cities, or it can extend into metropolitan areas dint he form of a grid of nodes of intense business activity, as in Frankfurt & Zurich. Elsewhere, I argued that we’re also seeing the formation of the transterritorial center constituted via intercity