UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA Quiz Two 9 30 9 35 AM GY 111 Physical Geology Lecture 4 Basic Chemistry Last Time 1 2 More on Alfred Wegener Introduction to rocks 3 The Rock Cycle Rocks Rocks are naturally occurring solids containing one or more minerals They come in many many many different flavors e g sandstone Rocks The Rock Cycle We recognize 3 major rock groups 1 Igneous born of fire originally molten 2 Sedimentary originally particulate material or produced from precipitation out of water 3 Metamorphic pre existing rocks modified by pressure or temperature 1 Why Chemistry in GY 111 Today s Agenda 1 Elementary Chemistry atomic structure 2 Isotopes 3 The Periodic Table 4 Bonding Web notes 4 Why Chemistry in GY 111 Math Why Chemistry in GY 111 Physics Math Geology Physics Geology Geochemistry Chemisty Biology Chemisty Fluorite CaF2 Fluorite CaF2 Copper Cu Calcite CaCO3 Biology Source csm jmu edu Copper Cu Calcite CaCO3 Source csm jmu edu 2 Basic Chemistry Geologists need to understand chemistry because minerals and the rocks that contain them are chemical compounds Basic Chemistry Basic Chemistry The origins of chemistry go way back to prehistoric times Basic Chemistry The origins of chemistry go way back to prehistoric times The origins of chemistry go way back to prehistoric times Alchemists identified 4 elements basic building blocks of everything 1 Fire 2 Water 3 Earth 4 Air Alchemists identified 4 elements basic building blocks of everything 1 Fire A worthwhile quest 2 Water but completely wrong 3 Earth 4 Air Basic Chemistry Basic Chemistry Halite Halite NaCl NaCl 3 Basic Chemistry Basic Chemistry Halite Halite NaCl NaCl Basic Chemistry Basic Chemistry Halite Halite NaCl NaCl Basic Chemistry Basic Chemistry Halite Halite NaCl NaCl 4 Atoms Atomic Particles Basic Chemistry Na Halite NaCl 0 0000000001 m z Na z z Atoms Atomic Particles Cl The sodium chlorine pairing is called a molecule Molecules are composed of uncharged atoms and or charged atoms ions Na z z z Atoms Atomic Particles z Atoms are composed of 3 fundamental particles The sodium chlorine pairing is called a molecule Cl Atoms Atomic Particles Na Cl Cl The sodium chlorine pairing is called a molecule Molecules are composed of uncharged atoms and or charged atoms ions An atom is the smallest component of an element that can retain the properties of that element Atoms Atomic Particles z Atoms are composed of 3 fundamental particles 1 Protons 2 Neutrons 3 Electrons 5 Atoms Atomic Particles z z Atoms are composed of 3 fundamental particles 1 Protons 2 Neutrons 3 Electrons In the classic Bohr Model protons neutrons always reside in the center of the atom termed the nucleus Atoms Atomic Particles z z z Atoms are composed of 3 fundamental particles 1 Protons 2 Neutrons 3 Electrons Protons Neutrons always reside in the center of the atom termed the nucleus Electrons are always located in the electron cloud in complex orbitals where they orbit the nucleus Electron Cloud Electrons Nucleus Protons Neutrons Nucleus Protons Neutrons Atoms Atomic Particles z z z Proton has a mass of 1 and a positive charge Neutron has a mass of 1 and a neutral charge Electron has a mass of 0 and a negative charge Atoms Atomic Particles z z z Proton has a mass of 1 and a positive charge Neutron has a mass of 1 and a neutral charge Electron has a mass of 0 and a negative charge This is not entirely correct at least as far as mass is concerned Atoms Atomic Particles z z z z Atoms Atomic Particles Proton has a mass of 1 and a positive charge Neutron has a mass of 1 and a neutral charge Electron has a mass of 0 and a negative charge z The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is variable and defines the different chemical elements refer to the periodic table z z z z Proton has a mass of 1 and a positive charge Neutron has a mass of 1 and a neutral charge Electron has a mass of 0 and a negative charge The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is variable and defines the different chemical elements refer to the periodic table For an uncharged atom of protons of electrons 6 Atoms Atomic Particles Atoms Atomic Particles Hydrogen 1 proton 1 electron Helium 2 protons 2 neutrons 2 electrons Atoms Atomic Particles Carbon 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons Atomic Number Weight z Atomic Number Weight z z Atomic Number the sum of the protons in the atom The number uniquely identifies the element Atomic Weight the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom Hydrogen 1 Helium 4 Carbon 12 Atomic Number the sum of the protons in the atom The number uniquely identifies the element Hydrogen 1 Helium 2 Carbon 6 Atomic Number Weight z By convention we put both numbers on a letter that symbolizes that particular element 1H1 2He4 6C12 7 Atomic Number Weight z Isotopes By convention we put both numbers on a letter that symbolizes that particular element 1H1 2He4 Atomic Number z The number of protons and electrons for an element does not vary but the number of neutrons can 6C12 Atomic Weight Isotopes z Isotopes The number of protons and electrons for an element does not vary but the number of neutrons can e g hydrogen z The number of protons and electrons for an element does not vary but the number of neutrons can e g hydrogen 1H1 1H1 1H2 Neutron Proton Electron Neutron Proton Isotopes z Electron Isotopes The number of protons and electrons for an element does not vary but the number of nuetrons can e g hydrogen z The number of protons and electrons for an element does not vary but the number of neutrons can e g hydrogen 1H1 1H2 1H3 1H1 1H2 1H3 Proton Neutron Electron Stable Unstable 8 Ions Ions z When an atom in its elemental state receives or gives up one or more electrons it is then termed an Ion Ions z z z When an atom in its elemental state receives or gives up one or more electrons it is then termed an Ion Positively charged ions are cations Negatively charged ions are anions Ions z z z z Simple atomic structure When an atom in its elemental state receives or gives up one or more electrons it is then termed an Ion Positively charged ions are cations Negatively charged ions are anions The ability to give up or take on electrons in an atom is dependent on the atomic number i e the number of electrons in the electron shells Simple atomic structure The Bohr atomic model Source http www amptek com xrf 3 gif 9 Simple atomic structure The Periodic Table Level n Name of electrons 2n2 1 K 2 2 L 8 3 M 18 4 N 32 5 O 50 Source http www amptek com xrf