UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA Last Time Geological Time GY 111 Physical Geology A How long is long B Geological time divisions Lecture 19 Maps Bedding and Attitude Geological Time Geological Time Eons the largest division of geological time Time Eon 0 MA today Phanerozoic Proterozoic Archean 4 6 GA Hadean Time Time Eon 0 MA today Phanerozoic 550 MA to 0 MA Proterozoic 2 5 GA to 550 Ma 4 2 Ga to 2 5 Ga Time 65 MA to 0 MA Mesozoic 245 MA to 65 MA Paleozoic 550 MA to 245 MA Neoproterozoic 900 MA to 550 Ma Mesoproterozoic 1 6 GA to 900 MA Paleoproterozoic 2 5 GA to 1 6 GA Archean 4 2 Ga to 2 5 Ga Hadean 4 6 Ga to 4 2 Ga 4 6 GA 4 6 Ga to 4 2 Ga Era Cenozoic Eras the 3 fold division of the eons Geological Time Geological Time Era Period Epoch Cenozoic 0 to 65 Ma Quaternary 0 to 2 Ma Holocene 0 to 10 Ka Tertiary 2 MA to 65 Ma Pleistocene 10 Ka to 2 Ma Pliocene 2 Ma to 5 Ma Miocene 5 Ma to 24 Ma Oligocene 24 to 37 Ma Eocene 37 Ma to 58 Ma Paleocene 58 to 65 Ma Periods the most useful subdivisions of mostly the Phanerozoic eon Mesozoic 65 to 251 Ma Cretaceous 65 to 144 Ma Jurassic 144 to 208 Ma Triassic 208 to 251 Ma Paleozoic 251 to 542 Ma Permian 251 to 286 Ma Pennsylvanian 286 to 320 Ma Mississippian 320 to 362 Ma Lots of Epochs in All Periods Devonian 362 to 418 Ma Silurian 418 to 441 Ma Ordovician 441 to 505 Ma Cambrian 505 to 542 Ma Proterozoic 2500 Ma to 542 Ma Ediacarin 600 to 542 Ma Cryogenian 850 to 600 Ma http www lib ndsu nodak edu govdocs text greatplains fig05 jpg 1 Geological Time It s still be revised Today s Agenda A Types of Geological Maps B Stratigraphic principles C Beds in 3D space the problem of orientation D Strike and Dip E Geological maps 1 horizontal and inclined bedding Web notes 19 Lab Manual Chapter 5 http www quaternary stratigraphy org uk images GeolAug jpg Contour maps Show topographic variations Contour maps And are often used on general base maps that show cultural features e g buildings roads as well as natural features lakes rivers forests etc http www 3dfmaps com h3 gif http stuff mit edu people brianmca Adventures 20in 20California files ContourMap large jpg http reynolds asu edu topo gallery images hillmap gif Contour maps Unfortunately this means a lot of symbols Bathymetry maps A contour maps approach for water bodies negative contours http geopubs wr usgs gov open file of00 043 bathymetry map1 jpg http www dugcaves com images topos topokey1 jpg 2 Bathymetry maps Bathymetry maps Like contour maps come in numerous scales and formats http maps grida no go graphic world ocean bathymetric map http maps grida no go graphic world ocean bathymetric map http woodshole er usgs gov project pages caribbean images seafloor jpg Geology maps Geology maps Show the geology at the surface of the Earth Show the geology at the surface of the Earth 1 Age of rocks 2 types of rocks lithology 3 Structural features 4 bedding attitude http k41 pbase com g4 61 689761 2 64774306 3t6va19m jpg http www geo ua edu Documentation jpgs GeoMap jpg Geology maps Quaternary Q Tertiary T 1 Age of rocks K Use single capital letters to represent period often followed by subscripts rock names J TR Geology maps 2 Types of rocks Use standardized symbols and or colors P IP M D S O C PC http www rockware com rockworks revisions litho plan 02 png http www winona edu geology MRW mrwimages geological time gif 3 Geology maps Geology maps 2 Types of rocks 3 Structural Features 4 Bedding Attitude Use standardized symbols and or colors Use standardized symbols more on this shortly http dept kent edu geology edlab structure GeoMapSymbols gif http dept kent edu geology edlab structure GeoMapSymbols gif Notable Geology maps Notable Geology maps World Geology simple USA Geology simple http go passport grolier com map id mtlr082 pid go Notable Geology maps Notable Geology maps http pubs usgs gov fs fs 0078 95 FS078 95 1 gif USA elevation digital USA gravity digital 4 Notable Geology maps Notable Geology maps Martian Topography Near Side Lunar Geology Far Side Martian Paleogeography geography some time is the past Northern Mars with postulated shorelines to ancient oceans c 2 0 GA Source Perron et al 2007 http antwrp gsfc nasa gov apod image 0206 marslakes topomap big jpg Notable Geology maps There is some truly spectacular topography on Mars at least 25 km vertical relief Notable Geology maps Groundwater maps show depth to the water table and how it flows assignment preparation Ma adim Vallis one of the largest canyons on Mars may have been carved by running water c 3 5 GA Near Side Far Side http www dnr state oh us Portals 7 pubs fs gifs psurface 2d flow jpg Stratigraphy Stratigraphy the study classification and correlation of rock layers and layering Stratigraphic Principles 1 The principle of superposition that states in any sedimentary succession that has not been overturned the oldest strata occur on the bottom 5 Stratigraphic Principles 1 The principle of superposition that states in any sedimentary succession that has not been overturned the oldest strata occur on the bottom 2 The principle of original horizontality that states sedimentary layers are originally deposited as horizontal sheets Stratigraphic Principles 1 The principle of superposition that states in any sedimentary succession that has not been overturned the oldest strata occur on the bottom 2 The principle of original horizontality that states sedimentary layers are originally deposited as horizontal sheets 3 The principle of original lateral continuity that states that sedimentary layers are originally deposited as laterally continuous sheets that naturally terminate against basin margins or barriers or which grade into other sedimentary layers Beds in 3D Space All sedimentary beds are initially deposited in horizontal sheets strata But you may not initially appreciate this with my 2D cartoons Beds in 3D Space Horizontal bedding is easy to describe But what if the bedding is inclined Beds in 3D Space All sedimentary beds are initially deposited in horizontal sheets strata But you may not initially appreciate this with my 2D cartoons Beds in 3D Space Horizontal bedding is easy to describe But what if the bedding is inclined 6 Beds in 3D Space Beds in 3D Space Inclined bedding can be oriented any amount in any direction And this is a problem to describe Chalk board Geological Mapping Symbols Strike The orientation of the inclined bed 0 to 360 Dip The inclination of the inclined bed 0 to 90 Chalk board Geological Maps 1 Horizontal