Review of verb types: Structure and meaning This lecture will review the following. 1. Relationships in sentences • Transitive Verbs • Ditransitive Verbs • Intransitive Verbs • Linking (Complement) VerbsReview of verb types: Structure and meaning 2. Meaning types • Dynamic verbs • Stative verbsReview of verb types: Transitive • Transitive Verbs These verbs are followed by an object. S V  Object He wrote a letter yesterday Jon ate the peach on the table We bought the first car we drove I understand your pointReview of verb types: Ditransitive • Ditransitive Verbs These verbs are followed by two objects: direct and indirect (not necessarily in that order) S V  Indirect Obj Direct Obj I gave her a present Direct Obj Indirect Obj a present to herReview of verb types: Intransitive • Intransitive Verbs These verbs do not have an object. They may be modified by an adverbial such as a prepositional phrase S V (Adverbial) The dog slept on the porchReview of verb types: Intransitive • More intransitive verbs S V (Adverbial) The man complained about his soup He arrived just in time The baby sneezed She worked all dayReview of verb types: Transitive/ intransitive Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive depending on how they are used in a sentence. Transitive Intransitive I ate lunch I didn’t eat much He ran a marathon He ran up the hillReview of verb types: Intransitive Errors involving intransitive verbs 1. A customer complained the soup. 2. We arrived the airport late. 3. The earthquake resulted a tragedy. Intransitive verbs cannot be followed by a direct object noun phrase. A preposition is needed before the NPReview of verb types: Linking • Linking (Complement) Verbs These verbs connect the subject to additional information about it. They are also sometimes called copular verbs. Most grammar books for students call them linking verbs rather than complement verbs.Review of verb types: Linking • Some common linking verbs: Verb Example BE verbs (is, are, was, were etc.) They are UCSB students. I was surprised. smell Something smells good! look You look tired. appear He appeared confused seem That assumption seems correct. sound That sounds wonderful. feel I feel great!Review of verb types: Linking The complement of a linking verb can be an adjective: His face turned red. The flowers looked wilted. The complement could also be a noun or a noun phrase: She became an ESL teacher in 2013. He remained a student for many years.Review of verb types: Meaning Meaning types • Dynamic verbsReview of verb types: Dynamic verbs Dynamic verbs involve ongoing actions and changes of state. They walk to school on Mondays. The little boy grew up fast! He lost his notebook. She wrote a poem.Review of verb types: Meaning Structure and meaning Meaning types Stative verbsReview of verb types: Stative verbs Stative verbs describe states of being or conditions. They include categories such as mental perceptions, sensory perceptions, emotions, possession and relationships. He realized his mistake. (mental perception) I heard the story. (sensory perception) I loved this film. (emotion) They own a sailboat. (possession) The package contained a beautiful vase. (relationship: containment)Review of verb types: Stative verbs More stative verbs Mental perception know, believe, think, understand, mean, doubt Sensory perception smell, see, taste, feel Possession possess, have, belong Emotions, attitudes like, hate, dislike, want, desire, need, prefer, doubt, feel, wish Measurement equal, measure, weigh, cost Relationship entail, consist of Description be, sound, appear, seem,