Word Groups: Phrases and Clauses Ling 140: English Grammar for Teachers Lecture 2 Winter, 2014 Dr. Jan FrodesenTopics for today • Word Groups: Phrases Constituents in phrase structure rules: • Noun phrases • Prepositional phrases • Verb phrases Phrase types often used in language teaching contexts (pedagogical grammars): • Adjective phrases • Adverb phrasesTopics for today, continued • Word Groups: Clauses • Independent clauses • Dependent clauses • Adverb clause (subordinate clause) • Adjective clause (relative clause) • Noun clauseWord groups: Noun phrases A noun phrase consists of a determiner, optional adjectives, a noun and optional prepositional phrase. With noncount nouns, we say there is ø determiner. Identify the parts of these noun phrases: • a large black chicken • two tall buildings • the sound of a train in the night • cold waterdet adj adj noun • a large black chicken det adj noun • two tall buildings det noun prep phrase prep phrase • the sound of a train in the night det noun • cold waterNoun sentence roles Noun positions • Subject position Jack is a good athlete. • Object position Brett passed the ball. (Direct object) Candace gave June a gift. (Indirect object) Terry went to the library (Object of a preposition) • Complement position Brett and Jack are football players.Word groups: Prepositional phrases A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and a noun phrase. Identify the prepositional phrases: • The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. • The apartment on the top floor has a fantastic view over the city. • The inmates dug a tunnel under the wall and escaped to freedom.Word groups: Prepositional phrases Prepositional phrases: • The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. • The apartment on the top floor has a fantastic view over the city. • The inmates dug a tunnel under the wall and escaped to freedom.Word groups: Verb phrases A verb phrase consists of a verb plus all the words that follow it in a simple sentence. In phrase structure rules, the verb phrase does not include the auxiliary (i.e., not BE, DO, HAVE, modals) Identify the verb phrases: • We drove along the ocean to the county fair. • The doctor cured the patient with an herbal tea. • The hungry growling beast in the dungeon clawed at the damp walls.Verb phrases: • We drove along the ocean to the county fair. • The doctor cured the patient with an herbal tea. • The hungry growling beast in the dungeon clawed at the damp walls.Word groups: Adjective phrases An adjective phrase consists of determiners (quantifiers) and any number of adjectives plus their adverb modifiers. (Note this is a kind of phrase referred to in pedagogical grammars – not in phrase structure rules) Identify the adjective phrases: • The new manager is intelligent, extremely organized and diplomatic. • Tired, thirsty, and very weak, the soldier limped into the completely deserted village.Adjective phases: • The new manager is intelligent, extremely organized and diplomatic. • Tired, thirsty, and very weak, the soldier limped into the completely deserted village.Word groups: Adverb phrases An adverb phrase consists of an adverb plus its adverb modifiers. (Like adjective phrases, a pedagogical grouping, not a PS rule grouping) Identify the adverb phrases: • The teacher patiently and thoroughly corrected her students’ essays. • The missing painting was found precisely here. • The train is leaving right now.Adverb phrases: • The teacher patiently and thoroughly corrected her students’ essays. • The missing painting was found precisely here. • The train is leaving right now.Word groups: Clauses How does a clause differ from a phrase? Clauses always show a subject-verb relationship: Subject NP VP The elephant roared. The doctor lives in North Africa. My boss understands. The examples above are independent clauses as they can stand alone.Word groups: Dependent clauses Dependent clause: This type of clause shows a subject-verb relationship, but it is dependent on the presence of an independent clause Independent Dependent Independent The elephant roared when the hunter appeared The doctor whom we saw last Christmas has retired. My boss understands why Mary wants a raise.Word groups: Dependent clauses There are three main types of dependent clauses Type 1: Adverb clause: Tells us when, why, how to what degree the verb takes place. The elephant roared when the hunter appeared The elephant is protected because it is an endangered species.Word groups: Dependent clauses Type 2: Adjective (relative) clause: This type modifies a noun. The doctor whom we saw last Christmas has retired. The class that I want is Linguistics 170.Word groups: Dependent clauses Type 3: Noun clause: This type can function as a subject or object of a sentence. What you are asking for is quite reasonable. My boss understands why Mary wants a