ES322 Geomorphology Mid Term Study Guide Fall 2008 Study Tips go through the web site look at the figures and slide shows compare to notes use study guide in combination with notes go back through the in class lab exercises make sure you can work the math units spend a couple days studying the exam will be essay and there is much material don t wait until the last minute carefully go through the notes some of the material we briefly discussed but did not spend much time on in class but the notes will give you the detail Exam format Part 1 Closed book short answer essay Part 2 Open book lab style problem solving Key Words Introduction landscape construction tectonics landscape destruction weathering erosion denudation driving mechanisms climate solar energy tectonics internal gravity process rates Earth Systems process response models Systems mass and energy flux equilibrium concept driving force vs resisting framework force energy kinetic energy potential energy work climate controls insolation precipitation temperature gravity controls clay expansion thermal expansion chemical weathering tectonic controls resisting framework lithology rock structure resistant vs non resistant lithologies geomorphic thresholds extrinsic vs intrinsic critical angle Constructional landforms destructional landforms exogenic processes endogenic processes isostacy isostatic rebound crustal uplift isostacy rates of crustal uplift rates of crustal denudation Quaternary when Pleistocene ages Holocene ages Weathering mass transfer weathering sediment grain size sediment vs rock erosion denudation water molecule volume expansion hydrolysis 1 bedrock regolith residuum colluvium alluvium diamicton eolian glacial till drift lacustrine deltal pedogenesis O A B C R porosity clay clay size clay minerals joints faults permeability physical weathering frost wedging unloading sheeting exfoliation thermal expansion organic activity root wedging salt wedging clay expansion thermal expansion chemical weathering pH chelation hydration oxidation ion exchange solution parent material aspect soil horizonation eluviation illuviation soil color color index soil profiles A B C soil percolation soil translocation weathering rinds relative dating iron accumulation phyllosilicates clays hydrous alumino silicates bowen s reaction series temp pressure reactions soil forming factors climate parent organic time slope relief aspect Mass Wasting Hillslope Process potential energy kinetic energy force stress joules newtons shear force normal force shear stress normal stress shear strength slope stability internal friction pore pressure cohesion safety factor coulomb equation mass wasting angle of repose slope angle hillslope rock debris earth fall topple slide slump flow slope gradient 2 angle degrees vs percent head scar creep solifluction avalanche landslide classification flow velocity laminar vs turbulent flow channel erosion Aerial Photographs air photo electromagnetic spectrum wavelength frequency speed of light reflected light stereo pair stereoscope altitude camera height focal length photo scale relief displacement principal point vertical exaggeration orthophoto texture color patterns shading photo interpretation Geomorphic and Landscape Age Dating lacustrine eolian colluvial alluvial glacial Quaternary when how long ago Pleistocene Holocene Relative age dating Absolute or numerical age dating Early middle late Pleistocene Age of material vs age of surface coastal wave cut terrace soil correlation law of superposition law of geomorphic position Quantitative Skills Process Rate Calculations Basic map reading landform identification from a topographic map Given a rate of weathering and soil erosion calculate the equivlalent rate of crustal denudation and rock erosion Topographic map Principles topographic maps north arrow magnetic declination map scale fractional scale graphical scale longitude latitude township range section equator prime meridian parallels angular measurement 7 5 min quadrangle contour interval index contour law of V s streams From a topographic map caculate hillslope gradient in degrees in percent in ratio form Draw a topographic profile from a topographic map Plot soil texture data on a triangular diagram determine soil classification calcuate soil texture parameters calculate potential energy kinetic energy force weight stress resolve weight shear and normal stress from a basic slope problem be able to work the Coulomb equation and Geomorphic Mapping Criteria see new notes on web site Landform Material Process Aeolian Age determine slope stability calculate gradient and slope angle in degrees and percent air photo scale calculations other air photo calculations as in lab hollow side slope channel floodplain dune terrace levee sediment texture diamicton identification of basic landforms and geomorphic process by examining aerial imagery calculating the slope of stream channel or hillslope from a topographic map in degrees and percent Aerial photography calculations photo scale height displacement calculations photo distortion principles 3 d viewing of landforms 3 Key Concepts Give examples of resistant vs non resistant lithologies and how they respond to erosion and landscape evolution List and discuss the driving mechanisms for geologic geomorphic processes Give example rates of crustal uplift and crustal erosion What are the necessary elements for the collection and analysis of air photos What is the significance of clay at the Earth s surface What factors effect rates of weathering What are the physical and chemical weathering processes What is the difference between soil and sediment How are soils formed How are they identified What are the soil forming factors and how are they used as a dating tool in geomorphology What are the range of processes landforms and surficial materials found at the Earth s surface in western Oregon Can you make some general sketches showing these geomorphic elements How does the landscape evolve over time How does this relate to systems theory Thresholds theory What are the typical ranges of rates and processes of erosion and deposition found at the Earth s surface List and discuss the mass wasting classification system What factors effect slope stability 4