1Social Development• Various theories attempt to account for aspectsof development such as– Emotion– Personality– Attachment– Self– Peer relationships– GenderTrue or False?1. Males are more aggressive than females.2. Males are more active than females.3. Females are more social then males.4. Females have stronger verbal abilities than males.5. Males have higher achievement motivation than females.6. Males are more analytical than females.7. Females are more suggestible and prone to conform thanmales.8. Females are more emotionally unstable than males.9. Males are more rational and logical than females.10. Males have greater spatial and mathematical abilities thanfemales.2True or False?1. Males are more aggressive than females.2. Males are more active than females.3. Females are more social then males.4. Females have stronger verbal abilities than males.5. Males have higher achievement motivation than females.6. Males are more analytical than females.7. Females are more suggestible and prone to conform thanmales.8. Females are more emotionally unstable than males.9. Males are more rational and logical than females.10. Males have greater spatial and mathematical abilities thanfemales.• Gender typing - the process through whichchildren become aware that they arebiological males or females AND throughwhich they acquire motives, values andpatterns of behavior appropriate formembers of their biological sex.3Theories of Social Development•Psychoanalytic Theories•Freud’s Psychosexual Development•Erikson’s Psychosocial Development•Learning Theories•Watson’s Behaviorism•Skinner’s Operant Conditioning•Social Learning Theory•Social Cognition Theories•Selman’s stage-theory of role-taking•Dodge’s Information Processing Theory of SocialProblem Solving•Ecological Theories•Bioecological Model•Ethlogical and Evolutionary TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories•Development driven by biological maturation.•Stage theories•Passive child•Individual is stable - role of early experience•Freud’s Psychosexual Development•Erikson’s Psychosocial Development4Freud (1856-1939) on Gender TypingThe individual pushed around by external and internal forcesbeyond the individual’s control or understanding. BoysOedipus complex - love mother/fear fatherFear of castration motivates boys to identify with fatherAbsent or inadequate father did not foster strongidentification. Girls Electra complex - desire father(+ penis envy)/mother rivalry To resolve conflict, identifies with mother Father reinforces “feminine” behaviorConsistent evidence?Inconsistent evidence?Learning Theories•Development driven by experience.•Continuous•Early theories - Passive child Later theories - Active child•Emphasize mechanisms of change•Watson’s Behaviorism•Skinner’s Operant Conditioning•Social Learning Theory5•Watson (1878-1958) Behaviorism•Children’s development is determined by theirsocial environment - how their parents treat them.•Psychological Care of Infant and Child (1928)•B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Operant Conditioning•We tend to repeat behaviors that lead to favorableoutcomes (reinforcement) and suppress behaviors thatlead to negative outcomes (punishment).•Every act is an operant response based on outcomesof past behavior.• Attention is a powerful reinforcer.• Bandura Social Learning Theory•Focus on observation and imitation as learningmechanism.•Learning mostly social. Reinforcement increaseslikelihood of imitation, but it is not necessary forlearning.•Reciprocal Determinism: child-environmentinfluences operate in both directions.6Social Learning Theory on Gender Typing Differential reinforcement - children are rewarded forsex-appropriate behaviors, punished for behaviorsappropriate for the other sex. Observational learning - children adopt the attitudesand behaviors of same-sex models.Consistent evidence?Inconsistent