1Causes are consequences;consequences, causes.stressinadequate nutritionLow birth weightcaffeinetobaccolagging cognitive dev.unstable familieslagging social dev.Behavioral problemsDifficult temperamentCauses are consequences;consequences, causes.stressinadequate nutritionLow birth weightcaffeinetobaccolagging cognitive dev.unstable familieslagging social dev.Behavioral problemsDifficult temperament2Smiling• Endogenous smiles - before one month,response to inner stimulation.• Exogenous smiles - between 1-3 months,response to external stimuli, same forobjects or people.• Social smiles - after 3 months, response topeople’s facial expressions.Crying• Birth Cry3Crying• Birth Cry• Pain Cry - sudden and loud, high-pitchedfollowed by a long pauseCrying• Birth Cry• Pain Cry• Hunger Cry - short and low-pitched, riseand fall4Crying• Birth Cry• Pain Cry• Hunger Cry• Pleasure Cry - cooingA baby's first smiles are not social -- they seem to be caused more by internal than by externalstimulation. However, by their third month, babies show genuine social smiles in responseto the facial expressions of other people.1. (1.5 pt) Think about what smiles mean to humans. What is the adaptive significance of thehuman smile? Why would it be advantageous for a human baby to "smile" even before theycan do so in response to social stimuli?2. (1.5 pt)Think about a parent's response to their baby's smiling. Think about causes asconsequences; consequences as causes. How could the parent's response change smilingfrom an action caused by internal stimulation to one caused by external stimulation? Howwould this development be different if the parent were depressed and not respondingnormally to smiles?3. (1.5 pt)Some babies are born without sight, and therefore they will never see anotherperson smile. How do you think this could change the course of their social and emotionaldevelopment? How could this change the style of parenting?In class we listened to the different kinds of cries of a newborn. (You can hear them here)1. (1.5 pt)The hunger cry is slower and lower in pitch than the pain cry. After a few weeks,many babies settle on a cough-like cry that doesn't turn into a wail to signal hunger.Speculate about how parent's responses to their baby's cries could lead to this change2. (1.5 pt) Drug-addicted babies have high-pitched cries that parents find particularlydistressing. How might this affect parental response in a loving stable situation? in astressed, unstable family?.(2.5 pt)Thinking about both smiling and crying as the beginning of infant-parent communication,discuss a) the active role of the child in changing his/her environment and b) the role ofparental response in changing the baby's