1Obedience and ConformityObedience and ConformityRock musician, Peter Gabriel, showed his Rock musician, Peter Gabriel, showed his admiration for Stanley admiration for Stanley MilgramMilgramin his album, in his album, "So," (1986), which includes a piece titled, "So," (1986), which includes a piece titled, "We "We do what we're tolddo what we're told--Milgram'sMilgram's37."37."What does the "37" refer to? What does the "37" refer to? Summary of Summary of MilgramMilgramStudiesStudies% Obeying% ObeyingTeacher does not deliver shock, but helped out.Teacher does not deliver shock, but helped out.93%93%Victim pounds on wall then becomes silentVictim pounds on wall then becomes silent65%65%Victim heard protesting (movie version)Victim heard protesting (movie version)50%50%Victim in same room Victim in same room 40%40%Teacher has to put victim's hand on shock plate Teacher has to put victim's hand on shock plate 30%30%Victim says at outset that he will do study Victim says at outset that he will do study only if he is let out when he wants to beonly if he is let out when he wants to be40%40%Study done in Bridgeport, CT Study done in Bridgeport, CT 48%48%Experimenter in remote locationExperimenter in remote location19%19%Teacher told to select the level of shockTeacher told to select the level of shock(experimenter legitimizes all levels)(experimenter legitimizes all levels)3%3%Milgram’sMilgram’s3737Represents the number of fully obedient Represents the number of fully obedient subjects when the naïve subject helped out a subjects when the naïve subject helped out a confederate who actually administered the confederate who actually administered the shocks. 37 out of 40 people (93%) continued to shocks. 37 out of 40 people (93%) continued to the end, the highest obedience rate in any of the end, the highest obedience rate in any of Milgram’sMilgram’sstudies. studies. Experiment 18 “A peer administers shocks” in Experiment 18 “A peer administers shocks” in Milgram’sMilgram’sbook book Obedience to authority: An Obedience to authority: An experimental viewexperimental view(pp. 121(pp. 121--122). 122).2Personalizing the victimPersonalizing the victimMarkedly reduces obedienceMarkedly reduces obedienceGenderGenderAre men or women more obedient in Are men or women more obedient in Milgram’sMilgram’sparadigm? Or are they equally obedient?paradigm? Or are they equally obedient?Other replicationsOther replicationsHoflingHoflinget al. (1966)et al. (1966)Unknown doctor called nurses and asked them Unknown doctor called nurses and asked them to administer 20 milligrams of the drug to administer 20 milligrams of the drug ""AstrotenAstroten" to a patient on the ward. Violated " to a patient on the ward. Violated hospital policy. hospital policy. 21/22 (95%) of the nurses were about to 21/22 (95%) of the nurses were about to administer the drug, before being stopped and administer the drug, before being stopped and debriefed by one of the researchersdebriefed by one of the researchers3How well can people predict their How well can people predict their own obedience?own obedience?The researchers told a group of nurses and The researchers told a group of nurses and nursing students about the study and asked them nursing students about the study and asked them how they would react. how they would react. Nearly all said they would not have given the Nearly all said they would not have given the medication as ordered. medication as ordered. Another replicationAnother replicationSheridan & King (1972)Sheridan & King (1972)Replicated Replicated MilgramMilgramexactly, except that (a) participants exactly, except that (a) participants were male & female college students, (b) victim was a were male & female college students, (b) victim was a "cute, fluffy, puppy," and (c) the shocks were real."cute, fluffy, puppy," and (c) the shocks were real.Participants instructed to deliver a shock each time the Participants instructed to deliver a shock each time the puppy failed to learn a discrimination task, which was puppy failed to learn a discrimination task, which was actually unsolvableactually unsolvablePercent delivering the maximum amount of shock Percent delivering the maximum amount of shock similar to percent in similar to percent in Milgram’sMilgram’sstudies. studies. Would Would MilgramMilgramfind less obedience if he find less obedience if he conducted his experiments today?conducted his experiments today?Thomas BlassThomas BlassExamined Examined MilgramMilgramstudies and replications during a studies and replications during a 2525--year period from 1961 to 1985. Correlated year of year period from 1961 to 1985. Correlated year of publication and the amount of obedience. No publication and the amount of obedience. No significant correlation. significant correlation.4Relevance of the FAERelevance of the FAEHow is the fundamental attribution error How is the fundamental attribution error relevant to relevant to Milgram’sMilgram’sresearch? research? Historical insightsHistorical insightsHow might How might Milgram’sMilgram’sresearch offer insights research offer insights into historical events such as the Holocaust and into historical events such as the Holocaust and the My Lai massacre?the My Lai massacre?ConformityConformityConformity: A change in one’s behavior due Conformity: A change in one’s behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other to the real or imagined influence of other people. people. Unlike obedience, conformity does not Unlike obedience, conformity does not require commands or coercion by an require commands or coercion by an authority.authority.5Normative Social Influence*Normative Social Influence*Conformity and Social Approval: The Conformity and Social Approval: The Asch Line Judgment StudiesAsch Line Judgment StudiesAsch (1951, 1956) tested whether people would conform in situations in which the group’s judgments were obviously incorrect. Participants in the Asch line study showed a high level of conformity, given how obvious it was that the group was wrong in its judgments.Normative Social Influence*Normative Social Influence*Conformity and Social Approval: The Conformity and Social Approval: The Asch Line Judgment StudiesAsch Line