Study Questions for Exam 4Chapter 10 and associated lecturesChapter 12 & associated materialPsychology 360Fall 2005Professor PietromonacoStudy Questions for Exam 4 Chapter 10 and associated lectures1. What is the propinquity effect? According to lecture and text, what are some explanations for the propinquity effect?2. Explain the concept of mere exposure (Zajonc). Describe the findings of study by Zajonc and colleagues (lecture) in which women read a passage outloud while listening to novel melodies that were played below conscious awareness. Note findings for both recognition and liking measures.3. Describe the findings of Moreland and Beach (1992 – text, pp. 320-321 and lecture) and their relevance to mere exposure.4. What is the role of similarity in attraction? What were the findings of Newcomb’s (1961) study in which male students at the University of Michigan were randomly assigned to be roommates (i.e., what were the predictors of who became friends)?5. What physical features are associated with perceptions of beauty? In what ways are they similar for men and women? In what ways do they differ?6. Describe the design of the research by Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (text and lecture. What were the main findings? How is the notion of self-fulfilling prophecy relevant to this work? What were the findings when researchers Andersen and Bem (1981) replicated this work with women who saw a photo of an attractive or unattractive man?7. Compare and contrast social exchange theory and equity theory.8. In lecture we discussed a study (Dion, 1972) in which adults read about children who misbehaved in a severe way or in a mild way; the children were either attractive or unattractive. What were the findings?9. In lecture, we discussed a study (Major et al., 1984) in which attractive and unattractive people wrote an essay while they were either seen or not seen by an evaluator. What were the findings of this study? 10. Some theorists propose that beauty is a fairly objective measureable quality, whereas others say it’s more subjective. List the arguments that researchers have used in support of each position. (lecture & text)11. What is the role of similarity in attraction? What is the role of being dissimilar in attraction? If you had to summarize the findings, would you say the best phrase would be, “Birds of a feather flock together” or “Opposites attract”?12. Define excitation transfer (lecture). Think of a concrete example to explain how it works. How is this concept relevant to the study by White et al. (1981 – lecture) in whichmen ran in place for 2 minutes or 15 seconds.13. In one study (Dutton & Aron, 1974), men who crossed a scary suspension bridge or amore standard bridge were questioned by a female experimenter. What was the design ofthis study? What were the findings? What was a major limitation?114. In Theodore Newcomb’s study of male students who were randomly assigned to be roommates, what were the findings? (Note findings for similarity in demographics, in attitudes and values, and in personality.)15. In a study of arranged marriages and love marriages (Gupta & Singh, 1982) in India, how did love change over time in each group? (lecture)16. How are conceptions of love different across cultures? (text) 17. What did the video on the “Love Lab” (John Gottman’s lab at University of Washington) suggest about the role of conflict in marriage? Is it always bad? 18. In the “Love Lab” video, what measures were taken to assess the couples? How wellcan Gottman predict which couples will stay together and which ones will break up? (Approximately what percentage of couples does he correctly predict?)19. Compare and contrast communal versus exchange relationships.20. Research by Robin Akert has examined what happens when a couple breaks up. What were the experiences of those initiating the breakup, not initiating it, or having an equal role in initiating it? Do people want to stay friends when they breakup? Is this similar or different for men and women? 21. What is the association between physical attractiveness and liking? Define the “whatis beautiful is good” stereotype. Also, what were the findings of the class study by ElaineHatfield (Walster) in which 752 incoming students were randomly matched for a blind date?22. According to research by Karney and Bradbury (1997 – lecture), what happens to marital satisfaction over the course of the first four years of marriage?23. In Braiker and Kelly (1979--lecture) examined how levels of love and conflict changed over as relationship partners became more committed and involved. What did they find?Chapter 11 & associated lecture material1. Define prosocial behavior, altruism, empathy, norm of reciprocity. Compare and contrast the terms.2. What is Daniel Batson’s (know this name) view of empathy and altruism? That is, according to Batson, what motivates people to help?3. A study by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson is described at length in your text. In this study, participants listened to an interview with a student, Carol, who had been hurt in an auto accident. What was the general design of the study (i.e., the Ivs, Dvs)? What were the main findings? What general concept did this study test?4. What gender differences exist in prosocial behavior? Summarize these differences, including the situations under which such differences occur (or don’t occur).5. What is the cultural value in Spanish-speaking countries termed “simpatia”? How is itrelevant to prosocial behavior?6. What is the relationship between positive mood and helping? 7. Under what conditions is a negative mood associated with more willingness to help?8. Explain the negative state relief hypothesis. Compare and contrast it with the empathy-altruism hypothesis.29. What is the bystander effect? Explain how the following are relevant to the bystander effect: diffusion of responsibility, noticing the event, interpreting the event, pluralistic ignorance.10. In Darley & Latane’s “seizure” experiment, participants overhear a confederate who appears to be having a seizure. What was the design of the study? What were the main findings? What concept did it demonstrate?11. In the article (and lecture), you learned about the Darley and Batson study with seminary students. What was the design of the study (i.e., Ivs, Dvs)? What were the main findings?12. In a video clip,