Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46magmaigneousrockssediments(clastic) sedimentary rocksmetamorphic rockscrystallizationweathering& erosiontransportation,deposition, & lithificationmetamorphismmeltingROCK CYCLEMAGMA = molten rock +suspended mineral grains +dissolved gasesOrigin – in asthenosphere, or Base of lithosphereMigrates up - Lava (at surface)http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/HawaiiQuest/gen_hawaii_volcs/bar_graph.gifmagmaigneousrockssediments(clastic) sedimentary rocksmetamorphic rockscrystallizationweathering& erosiontransportation,deposition, & lithificationmetamorphismmeltingROCK CYCLECrystallizationhttp://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geo/rocks/bowens/bowens.jpgBowen’s Reaction Seriesmagmaigneousrockssediments(clastic) sedimentary rocksmetamorphic rockscrystallizationweathering& erosiontransportation,deposition, & lithificationmetamorphismmeltingROCK CYCLEIgneous Rockshttp://www.outreach.canterbury.ac.nz/resources/geology/glossary/igneous.jpgTable 1: Igneous Rock Classification ChartMineral CompositionAlways:K-feldsparQuartzSometimes:biotiteplagioclaseMuscoviteAlways:Hornblende (= amphibole)PlagioclaseSometimes:biotitequartzaugiteAlways:PlagioclaseAugite (=pyroxene)Sometimes:olivinehornblendeAlways:Augite (or other pyroxene mineral)OlivineAlways:OlivinePhaneritic(crystals big enough to see)fine to coarse(crystals < 3 cm)Granite Diorite Gabbro Periodite Dunitepegmatitic(crystals > 3 cm)Pegmatitic GraniteAphanitic (crystals too small to see)Rhyolite Andesite BasaltPorphyritic(mix of crystal sizes)PorphyriticRhyolitePorphyriticAndesitePorphyriticBasaltGlassy(no crystals, looks like glass)Obsidian(usually black, gray or red)Vesicular(“holes” in rock, remnant gas pockets)Pumice(small tubular vesicles)Scoria(round or elliptical vesicles)Colorlight or red intermediate colorsdark or greenMineral CompositionTexturehttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/igneous_classification.gifFractional Crystallizationhttp://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geo/rocks/bowens/bowens.jpgBowen’s Reaction SeriesFractional Crystallization – remaining melt composition changes as crystals formFractional Crystallization – remaining melt composition changes as crystals formRelates magma composition to volcano type and eruption stylemagmaigneousrockssediments(clastic) sedimentary rocksmetamorphic rockscrystallizationweathering& erosiontransportation,deposition, & lithificationmetamorphismmeltingROCK CYCLEMetamorphismhttp://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/given/geo1/lecturenotes/MetaRx_files/image017.gifhttp://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/meta_rx.htmhttp://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/meta_rx.htmhttp://hays.outcrop.org/images/rocks/metamorphic/lutge8e/FG07_18.JPGNew minerals can form with increased heat and/or with “fluids”Table 1: Metamorphic Rock Classification Chart Texture Mineral Content Rock Name Likely Protolith breaks into flat fragments Slate shale siltstone breaks into wrinkly pieces with sheen Phyllite shale siltstone crystals too small to see may appear grainy minerals not visible Greenstone (metabasalt) basalt not banded wavy texture variable (mica minerals common) Schist shale siltstone sandstone pebbles visible variable Metaconglomerate conglomerate may be banded contains some large crystals (porphyroblasts), wavy texture variable (mica minerals common) Porphyroblastic Schist (augen gneiss) sandstone granite or other igneous rock Foliated (alignment of mineral grains) banded crystals big enough to see alternating dark and light bands variable (quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and biotite common) Gneiss sandstone granite or other igneous rock pebbles visible variable Metaconglomerate conglomerate quartz Quartzite (metaquartzite) quartz sandstone a crystalline texture similar to igneous rocks, but termed granoblastic texture calcite or dolomite Marble limestone dolostone Nonfoliated (no alignment of mineral grains) generally fine-grained, but may appear grainy minerals not visible Greenstone (metabasalt) basalt Note Anthracite coal not on chart.magmaigneousrockssediments(clastic) sedimentary rocksmetamorphic rockscrystallizationweathering& erosiontransportation,deposition, & lithificationmetamorphismmeltingROCK CYCLECrystallizationhttp://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geo/rocks/bowens/bowens.jpgBowen’s Reaction Series4Fe+3 + 3O2  2Fe2O3Oxidation hematite2KAlSi3O8 + 11 H2O  Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 4H4SiO4 + 2OH- + 2 K2+ potassiumfeldspar Hydrolysis clay mineral(kaolinite)H2O + CO2  H2CO3 CaCO3 + H2CO3  Ca+2 + 2 HCO-3Carbonic acid action calcitehttp://hays.outcrop.org/images/weathering/press4e/table-07-02.jpghttp://piru.alexandria.ucsb.edu/collections/geography3b/p-s/ps06-05a.jpghttp://hometown.aol.com/rhaberlin/images/mwmech.gifmagmaigneousrockssediments(clastic) sedimentary rocksmetamorphic rockscrystallizationweathering& erosiontransportation,deposition, & lithificationmetamorphismmeltingROCK CYCLEhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/5-484/fig2-26.gifLithification thru CompactionLithifaction thru CementationDiagnostic Features Texture Composition Rock Name Origin rounded clasts Conglomerate angular clasts contains pebbles, clasts >2 mm variable Breccia pink, reddish-brown, buff color, angular grains K-feldspar Arkosic Sandstone buff, white, brown color, scratches glass medium sand clasts 2-1/16 mm quartz Quartz Sandstone poorly sorted (mix of grain sizes), dark to gray color medium to fine sand mixed rock and mineral clasts Graywacke Sandstone feels gritty, but clasts look like powder fine (clasts barely visible) 1/15-1/256 mm variable (light to dark color) Siltstone laminated (thin layering) fine to very fine (clasts not visible) variable (light to dark color) Shale smooth, powder often rubs off on hands, not laminated very fine (clasts not visible) < 1/256 mm variable (light to dark color) Claystone Clastic (comprised of lithified grains derived from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks) effervesces in HCl small spherical pellets (ooids) calcite Oolitic Limestone effervesces in HCl coarse crystalline (visible interlocking crystals) calcite Crystalline Limestone effervesces in