Memory ManagementSlide 2Memory Management RequirementsSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Fixed PartitioningSlide 10Slide 11Placement Algorithm with PartitionsSlide 13Dynamic PartitioningSlide 15Slide 16Dynamic Partitioning Placement AlgorithmSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Buddy SystemSlide 22Slide 23RelocationAddressesSlide 26Registers Used during ExecutionSlide 28PagingSlide 30Slide 31Page Tables for ExampleSegmentationMemory ManagementChapter 7Memory Management•Subdividing memory to accommodate multiple processes•Memory needs to be allocated efficiently to pack as many processes into memory as possibleMemory Management Requirements•Relocation–Programmer does not know where the program will be placed in memory when it is executed–While the program is executing, it may be swapped to disk and returned to main memory at a different location (relocated)–Memory references must be translated in the code to actual physical memory addressMemory Management Requirements•Protection–Processes should not be able to reference memory locations in another process without permission–Impossible to check absolute addresses in programs since the program could be relocated–Must be checked during execution•Operating system cannot anticipate all of the memory references a program will makeMemory Management Requirements•Sharing–Allow several processes to access the same portion of memory–Better to allow each process (person) access to the same copy of the program rather than have their own separate copyMemory Management Requirements•Logical Organization–Programs are written in modules–Modules can be written and compiled independently–Different degrees of protection given to modules (read-only, execute-only)–Share modulesMemory Management Requirements•Physical Organization–Memory available for a program plus its data may be insufficient•Overlaying allows various modules to be assigned the same region of memory–Programmer does not know how much space will be availableFixed Partitioning•Equal-size partitions–any process whose size is less than or equal to the partition size can be loaded into an available partition–if all partitions are full, the operating system can swap a process out of a partition–a program may not fit in a partition. The programmer must design the program with overlaysFixed Partitioning•Main memory use is inefficient. Any program, no matter how small, occupies an entire partition. This is called internal fragmentation.Placement Algorithm with Partitions•Equal-size partitions–because all partitions are of equal size, it does not matter which partition is used•Unequal-size partitions–can assign each process to the smallest partition within which it will fit–queue for each partition–processes are assigned in such a way as to minimize wasted memory within a partitionDynamic Partitioning•Partitions are of variable length and number•Process is allocated exactly as much memory as required•Eventually get holes in the memory. This is called external fragmentation•Must use compaction to shift processes so they are contiguous and all free memory is in one blockDynamic Partitioning Placement Algorithm•Operating system must decide which free block to allocate to a process•Best-fit algorithm–Chooses the block that is closest in size to the request–Worst performer overall–Since smallest block is found for process, the smallest amount of fragmentation is left memory compaction must be done more oftenDynamic Partitioning Placement Algorithm•First-fit algorithm–Fastest–May have many process loaded in the front end of memory that must be searched over when trying to find a free blockDynamic Partitioning Placement Algorithm•Next-fit–More often allocate a block of memory at the end of memory where the largest block is found–The largest block of memory is broken up into smaller blocks–Compaction is required to obtain a large block at the end of memoryBuddy System•Entire space available is treated as a single block of 2U•If a request of size s such that 2U-1 < s <= 2U, entire block is allocated–Otherwise block is split into two equal buddies–Process continues until smallest block greater than or equal to s is generatedRelocation•When program loaded into memory the actual (absolute) memory locations are determined•A process may occupy different partitions which means different absolute memory locations during execution (from swapping)•Compaction will also cause a program to occupy a different partition which means different absolute memory locationsAddresses•Logical–reference to a memory location independent of the current assignment of data to memory–translation must be made to the physical address•Relative–address expressed as a location relative to some known point•Physical–the absolute address or actual location in main memoryRegisters Used during Execution•Base register–starting address for the process•Bounds register–ending location of the process•These values are set when the process is loaded and when the process is swapped inRegisters Used during Execution•The value of the base register is added to a relative address to produce an absolute address•The resulting address is compared with the value in the bounds register•If the address is not within bounds, an interrupt is generated to the operating systemPaging•Partition memory into small equal-size chunks and divide each process into the same size chunks•The chunks of a process are called pages and chunks of memory are called frames•Operating system maintains a page table for each process–contains the frame location for each page in the process–memory address consist of a page number and offset within the pagePage Tables for ExampleSegmentation•All segments of all programs do not have to be of the same length•There is a maximum segment length•Addressing consist of two parts - a segment number and an offset•Since segments are not equal, segmentation is similar to dynamic
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