13.1Operating System ConceptsCSMC 412Operating SystemsProf. Ashok K Agrawala© 2004 Ashok AgrawalaSet 33.2Operating System ConceptsOperating-System Structures System Components Operating System Services System Calls System Programs System Structure Virtual Machines System Design and Implementation System Generation23.3Operating System ConceptsCommon System Components Process Management Main Memory Management File Management I/O System Management Secondary Management Networking Protection System Command-Interpreter System3.4Operating System ConceptsProcess Management A process is a program in execution. A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices, to accomplish its task. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management.) Process creation and deletion.) process suspension and resumption.) Provision of mechanisms for: process synchronization process communication33.5Operating System ConceptsMain-Memory Management Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices. Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its contents in the case of system failure. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with memory management:) Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.) Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available.) Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.3.6Operating System ConceptsFile Management A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms) and data. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management:) File creation and deletion.) Directory creation and deletion.) Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.) Mapping files onto secondary storage.) File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.43.7Operating System ConceptsI/O System Management The I/O system consists of:) A buffer-caching system ) A general device-driver interface) Drivers for specific hardware devices3.8Operating System ConceptsSecondary-Storage Management Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile and too small to accommodate all data and programs permanently, the computer system must provide secondary storage to back up main memory. Most modern computer systems use disks as the principle on-line storage medium, for both programs and data. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk management: ) Free space management) Storage allocation) Disk scheduling53.9Operating System ConceptsNetworking (Distributed Systems) A distributed system is a collection processors that do not share memory or a clock. Each processor has its own local memory. The processors in the system are connected through a communication network. Communication takes place using a protocol. A distributed system provides user access to various system resources. Access to a shared resource allows:) Computation speed-up ) Increased data availability) Enhanced reliability3.10Operating System ConceptsProtection System Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access by programs, processes, or users to both system and user resources. The protection mechanism must: ) distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage.) specify the controls to be imposed.) provide a means of enforcement.63.11Operating System ConceptsCommand-Interpreter System Many commands are given to the operating system by control statements which deal with:) process creation and management) I/O handling) secondary-storage management) main-memory management) file-system access ) protection ) networking3.12Operating System ConceptsCommand-Interpreter System (Cont.) The program that reads and interprets control statements is called variously:) command-line interpreter) shell (in UNIX)Its function is to get and execute the next command statement.73.13Operating System ConceptsOperating System Services Program execution – system capability to load a program into memory and to run it. I/O operations – since user programs cannot execute I/O operations directly, the operating system must provide some means to perform I/O. File-system manipulation – program capability to read, write, create, and delete files. Communications – exchange of information between processes executing either on the same computer or on different systems tied together by a network. Implemented via shared memory or message passing. Error detection – ensure correct computing by detecting errors in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, or in user programs.3.14Operating System ConceptsAdditional Operating System FunctionsAdditional functions exist not for helping the user, but rather for ensuring efficient system operations.• Resource allocation – allocating resources to multiple users or multiple jobs running at the same time.• Accounting – keep track of and record which users use how much and what kinds of computer resources for account billing or for accumulating usage statistics.• Protection – ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled.83.15Operating System ConceptsSystem Calls System calls provide the interface between a running program and the operating system.) Generally available as assembly-language instructions.) Languages defined to replace assembly language for systems programming allow system calls to be made directly (e.g., C, C++)Three general methods are used to pass parameters between a running program and the operating system.) Pass parameters in registers.) Store the parameters in a table in memory, and the table address is passed as a parameter in a register.) Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the program, and pop off the stack by operating system.3.16Operating System ConceptsPassing of Parameters As A Table93.17Operating System ConceptsTypes of System Calls Process control File management Device management Information maintenance Communications3.18Operating System ConceptsMS-DOS ExecutionAt System Start-upRunning a Program103.19Operating System ConceptsUNIX Running Multiple
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