Slide 1ProkaryotesSlide 3What is the basic structure of a prokaryotic cell?Three major forms of prokaryotesSlide 6Prokaryotes cause diseaseSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Bacillus can form EndosporesSlide 12Slide 13Slime bacteria - PsuedonomonasSlide 15Slide 16Metabolic DiversitySlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Prokaryotes world ecosystemCyanobacteriaSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31PlanktonNitrogen fixationSlide 34Slide 35Slide 36Chapter 13:Prokaryotes and VirusesProkaryotes•Oldest organisms on Earth•The most dominant and successful forms of life•Great metabolic diversity and rapid rate of growth•Escherichia coli double in size every 20 min.Prokaryotes•Occur in icy areas of Antarctica•Dark depths of the ocean•Near-boiling waters of hot springs•Can survive without free oxygenWhat is the basic structure of a prokaryotic cell?•Lack an organized nucleus •Plasma membrane and cell wall •Nucleiod region- Singular circular or continuous DNA molecule (non-histone protien)•May contain smaller extrachromosomal pies of circular DNA – plasmids•Ribosomes and inclusions•Cynobacteria is an exception contains many thylakoids (structure found in chloroplast responsible for photosynthesis)Three major forms of prokaryotesBacilli- rod shaped bacteriumCocci- sphere shapeSpirilla- long curved or spiral rodsA filamentous actinomycete Streptomyces scabiesBacterium found in soil causes potato scab diseaseProkaryotes cause disease•Both animal and plants•Humans (TB, cholera, anthrax, gonorrhea, botulism, syphilis, tetanus, ulcers)Bacterial effects on PlantsFlagella on Pseudomonas marginalis- soil bacteriumCauses soft rot disease found in fleshy vegetablesBacillus-Clostridium botulinum- deadly food poisoningBacillus can form Endospores•Certain species of Bacteria (Bacillus and Clostridium) can form endospores•Endospores- dormant bacterial cells when food supply is low, resist heat, radiation, chemicals,•Protoplast is dehydrated•Can remain viable for many years•Viable endospore obtained from a 25-40 million year old Extinct Bee gut Mature Endospore- Bacillus MegateriumCocci- Micrococcus luteus- and others that causeMilk to sour and oxidizes ammonia to nitritesFruiting body of myxobacterium (Chrondomyces crocatus)A gliding bacterium produces fruitingBodies, each containing 1 million Cells (Slime Bacteria). Another form of Bacteria-Slime BacteriaSlime bacteria - Psuedonomonas•Pseudomonas corrugata •Pith Necrosis of TomatoBinary fissionCell division in a bacteriumMutation does occur and are responsible for evolutionary adaptabilityPilusDonor cellRecipient cellMetabolic Diversity•Some Prokaryotes are autotrophs- self feeding–Photosythetic Sunlight (Energy)+ 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 –Chemosythetic (chemolithotroph)6{CO2}+6{H2O}+3{H2S} C6H12O6+3{H2SO4}Beggiatoa gigantea sewage Filamentous sulfur oxidizing bacteriaSpiroplasmas- motile bacteria that cause corn stunt diseaseAnd stubborn diseaseMycoplasmiclike organism devestated a grove ofCoconut palmsMycoplasmalike Organisms- slow weakeningGeneral life cycle of a virusTwo stages1. Replication inside host2. Spread to new hostTobacco Mosaic VirusStreaked flowers of Rembrandt tulipsViral infection eventually weakens plantWound tumor virusTumor produced in sweet cloverElectron MicroscopeTumor virus particlesProkaryotes world ecosystem•Fixing nitrogen- incorporating nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds•Autotrophic bacteria major contributor to global carbon balance (more than 90% other than that associated with human activity comes from bacteria and fungi)•Decomposers (natural and toxins)- patroleum, pesticides, mercury, and dyes-Cyanobacteria•Important in Carbon and nitrogen cycles•Photosynthetic cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobilins.•Important lineage of bacteria and eukaryotic cellsLimestoneCyanobacteria electron micrographCyanobacteriaGenera OscillatoriaCyanobacteria Genera Nostoc communePlankton•Cells of cyanobacteria living in freshwater or marine habitats•Plankton commonly contain bright irregularly shaped structures – gas vesicles•Gas vesicles provide bouancy•When not able to regulate they float and form mass “blooms”•Red sea- TrichodesmiumNitrogen fixation•Some cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen converting nitrogen gas to ammonium•A form which the nitrogen is available for biological reactions•Occurs in Heterocyst-specialized enlarged cellsFilament of anabaenaHeterocystFilament of Anabaena with heterocystRice Planting Malaysia- Anabaena allow for continuousGrowing w/o