Chapter 14Importance of FungiPowerPoint PresentationSlide 4Slide 5FungiCharacteristics of FungiSlide 8Fungi form important symbiotic relationshipsFour phyla of fungiChars of FungiAll Fungi Heterotrophic AbsorbersFungi obtain their foodSlide 14Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexuallyCommon method of asexual reproduction in fungiAsexual reproduction (Vegetative reproduction)Asexual reproSexual reproductionThe last phase is meiosisSlide 21ZygosporesSlide 23Zygomycetes: Phylum ZygomycotaSlide 25Slide 26Ascomycetes: Phylum AscomycotaAscomycetes“Cup fungus”Types of AscomyceteThe AscomycotaSlide 32Ascomycetes can cause plant diseaseDutch elm disease ( Ophiostoma ulmi)Beneficial AscomyceteSlide 36Slide 37Ascomycetes growthLife cycle of an AscomyceteAscomycetes spore development vs. Zygomycetes spore developmentXylaria fungusHymenial layerSlide 43Slide 44BasidiomycotaLife cycle of BasidiomycotaSlide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Basidia on the gills of a toadstool.Slide 56Class basidiomycetesHymenomycetesSlide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67FruitbodiesSlide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Class TeliomycetesSlide 74Hallucinogenic mushroomsSlide 76Slide 77Slide 78Chapter 14FungiImportance of FungiTogether with Heterotrophic bacteriaEcological decomposersDecomposing fruit- RhizopusRoot-rot fungus- white mycelial causes disease in living treesActs as decomposers on dead plantsRoot rotOuch!!!Fungi•Composed of Hyphae• Heterotrophic absorbersCharacteristics of Fungi•Composed of HyphaeFungal filaments= “Cobwebby” strands of subterranean “white stuff”MyceliumFungi form important symbiotic relationships•80% of all vascular plants species from mutually beneficial associations called mycorrhizae between roots and fungi•Plant nutrition•Lichens form symbiotic relationship with fungi, algal, or cyanobacterial cellsFour phyla of fungi•Chytridiomycota•Zygomycota•Ascomycota•BasidiomycotaChars of Fungi•All have cell wall•Cell wall composed of polysaccharide- chitin•Chitin more resistant to microbial degradation than celluloseAll Fungi Heterotrophic Absorbers•Unable to engulf small microorganisms•Secrete enzymes and absorb smaller molecules•Absorb food mostly at or near the growing tips of their hyphaeFungi obtain their food•Either as Saprophytes or•As mutualistic symbiontsSome•Obtain energy through fermenation producing ethyl alcohol from glucose (i.e. yeast)Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually•Reproduce through the formation of spores that are produced sexually or asexually•Most are nonmotile spores•Some are dry and small and airborneCommon method of asexual reproduction in fungiBy means of spores•Either produced in sporangia–The sporangium is a saclike structure, the entire contents of which are converted into one or more sporesAsexual reproduction(Vegetative reproduction)Or•Hyphal cells called conidiogenous cells–Spores produced by conidiogenous cells occur singly or in chains called conidiaAsexual repro• Some Reproduce by fragmentation of their hyphaeSexual reproduction•Three distinct phases•First two are phases of fertilization (syngamy)–Plasmogamy- the fusion of protoplasts–Karyogamy- the fusion of nuclei (some don’t fuse forming a dikaryon)The last phase is meiosis•Sexual reproduction results in the formation of specialized spores such as zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores.Zygospores•Zygospores•Asexual and sexual reproduction (by means of haploid spores)•Sexually producing zygospores require two compatible speciesGametangia the gamete producing structures are in the Process of producing a zygosporeZygomycetes: Phylum Zygomycota•Live on decaying plant and animal matter in soil•Some are parasites of plants, insects or small soil animals•Rhizopus stolonifer- best known zygomycetesLife cycle of Rhizopus stoloniferZygospore develops within the thick walled zygosporangiumAscomycetes: Phylum AscomycotaAscomycetes•Group of fungi characterized by their production of sexual spores in a sac-like structure called an ascus.“Cup fungus”Types of Ascomycete•yeast•powdery mildew•cup fungi–many of these produce spores suited for airborne dispersion.The Ascomycota•Non motile •Form ascospores Internally in Asci•Most are blue-green, red and brown molds that cause food spoilage•PenicillinAscomycetes Eyelash cup, Scutellinia scutellataAscomycetes can cause plant disease•Brown rot of stone fruits (Monilinia fructicola) •chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)Dutch elm disease ( Ophiostoma ulmi)Beneficial Ascomycete•Many Yeast are also ascomycetes•Edible Morels and trufflesEdible black truffle, Tuber melanosporum spore-bearing structure is produced below ground mainly on oaks and hazelnutsEdible AscomyceteAscomycetes growth•Most have either unicellular or filamentous growth forms•Hyphae have perforated septa•Hyphal cells of Vegetative mycelim may be either uninucleated or multinucleatedLife cycle of an Ascomycete•Most species undergo asexual reproduction by the formation of multinucleated conidia•Conidia formed from the conidiogenous cells•Conidiogeneous cells are borne at the tips of modified hyphae called conidiophores “conidia bearers”Ascomycetes spore development vs. Zygomycetes spore development•Unlike zygomycetes which produce spores internally within a sporangium, ascomycetes produce their asexual spores externally as conidia.Xylaria fungus“Dead mans fingers”Perithecium with ascosporesFinger XsecHymenial layer •Asci usually develop on an inner surface of the asoma, a layer called the hymenium or hymenial layerHymenium of an ascomycete showing asci with ascospores section thru the hymenial layer of MorelaAscomycete life cycleBasidiomycotaLife cycle of BasidiomycotaAs a group, the basidiomycota have some highly characteristic features, which separate them from other fungi.They are the most evolutionarily advanced fungi, and even their hyphae have a distinctly "cellular" composition. Each w/ 1n. germinateSingle nucleus simple hyphal fusions fusion of a hypha with a small spore nuclei divide dikaryon monokaryons•Many basidiomycota grow for most of their lives as dikaryons, until environmental signals induce them to produce fruitbodies•At a late stage of development, some of these hyphae produce special cells termed basidia (singular, basidium). •cells that line the gills of the common mushroom are