General BiologySlide 2Slide 3Slide 4A Hierarchy of Biological OrganizationSlide 6Slide 7A Closer Look at EcosystemsEcosystem DynamicsEnergy ConversionSlide 11Slide 12A Closer Look at CellsThe Cell’s Heritable InformationSlide 15Two Main Forms of CellsSlide 17Feedback Regulation in Biological SystemsSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Grouping Species: The Basic IdeaSlide 24The Three Domains of LifeSlide 26Slide 27Unity in the Diversity of LifeSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Natural SelectionSlide 33Slide 34The Tree of LifeSlide 36The Role of Hypotheses in InquirySlide 38Deduction: The “If…then” Logic of Hypothesis-Based ScienceA Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific InquiryA Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry in PopulationsDesigning Controlled ExperimentsTheories in ScienceSlide 44Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsGeneral Biology•Welcome•Introduce General Biology•Syllabus•Break•Chapter 1–Life and its many levels–Evolution and diversity–Process of science•Chapter 2–Matter–Elemental properties–Bonds–Chemical reactionsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Ch. 1Themes in the study of life•Biology–Is the scientific study of lifeCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Some properties of life(c) Response to the environment(a) Order (d) Regulation (g) Reproduction (f) Growth and development(b) Evolutionary adaptation (e) Energy processingCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Concept 1.1: Biologists explore life from the microscopic to the global scale•The study of life–Extends from the microscope scale of molecules and cells to the global scale of the entire living planetCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsA Hierarchy of Biological Organization•The hierarchy of life–Extends through many levels of biological organizationCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•From the biosphere to organismsFigure 1.31 The biosphere EcosystemCommunitiesPopulationsIndividualCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•From cells to moleculesCell8 Cells6 Organs and organ systems7 Tissues10 Molecules 9 Organelles50 µm10 µm1 µmAtomsFigure 1.3Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsA Closer Look at Ecosystems•Each organism–Interacts with its environment•Both organism and environment–Are affected by the interactions between themCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsEcosystem Dynamics•The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes–Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil–The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumersCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsEnergy Conversion•Activities of life–Require organisms to perform work, which depends on an energy sourceCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings–Often involves the transformation of one form of energy to anotherCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Energy flows through an ecosystem–Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heatProducers(plants and other photosyntheticorganisms)Consumers(including animals)SunlightChemical energyHeatHeatEcosystemFigure 1.4Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsA Closer Look at Cells•The cell–Is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life25 µmFigure 1.5Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Cell’s Heritable Information•Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes–Which program the cells’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspringEgg cellSperm cellNucleicontainingDNAFertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parentsEmbyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNAOffspring with traitsinherited fromboth parentsFigure 1.6Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•The molecular structure of DNA–Accounts for it information-rich natureDNACellNucleotideACTATACCGGTATA(b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix.Figure 1.7NucleusCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsTwo Main Forms of Cells•All cells share certain characteristics–They are all enclosed by a membrane–They all use DNA as genetic information•There are two main forms of cells–Eukaryotic–ProkaryoticCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsEUKARYOTIC CELLMembraneCytoplasmOrganellesNucleus (contains DNA)1 µmPROKARYOTIC CELLDNA (no nucleus)MembraneCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFeedback Regulation in Biological Systems•A kind of supply-and-demand economy–Applies to some of the dynamics of biological systemsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•In feedback regulation–The output, or product, of a process regulates that very processCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•In negative feedback–An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that productBACDEnzyme 1Enzyme 1Enzyme 2Enzyme 3DDDDDDDDDDCBANegative feedbackFigure 1.11Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•In positive feedback–The end product speeds up productionWWXYZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZYXEnzyme 4Enzyme 5Enzyme 6Enzyme 4Enzyme 5Enzyme 6PositivefeedbackFigure 1.12Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Concept 1.2: Evolution- Biologists explore life across its great diversity of