PYSCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. NeuronsII. NeurotransmittersIII. Action PotentialIV. Neuron communicationV. ThresholdVI. SynapseVII. Lock and key mechanismVIII. ReuptakeIX. Nervous systemX. Cerebral hemispheresXI. Tour of the brainOutline of Current Lecture I. IntroductionII. Early views of consciousnessIII. ConsciousnessIV. MindfulnessV. Self-consciousnessVI. Paying attentionVII. Consciousness dividedVIII. SleepIX. Sleep stagesX. Sleep deprivationXI. DreamingXII. Problem-focused approachXIII. Sleep disturbancesXIV. HypnosisXV. Hypnosis theoriesCurrent LectureI. Introduction- states of consciousness, attention and awarenessII. Early views of consciousnessa. John Watson- behaviorist, “psychology must discard all reference to consciousness”b. William James- 1890, “consciousness…does not appear to itself chopped up in bits…in talking of it hereafter, let us call it the stream of thought”III. ConsciousnessThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment b. Attention (inward and outward), awareness, and their link c. We strive for ideal or optimum consciousness (arousal, awareness, happiness) that varies across situationsd. Characteristics-subjective awareness of mental events (personal ad private) -changes but feels continuous-attention controls the content of consciousness-chooses and notices a lot less than we thinkIV. Mindfulnessa. Open and non-judgmental awareness of one’s immediate experienceb. Physical and psychological health benefits (e.g., handle stress better, more positive emotions) c. Type of consciousnessV. Self-consciousnessa. can be good or badb. Automatic and controlled processingc. Rumination: repeatedly thinking about the past; associated with depressiond. Reflection: examining one’s thought process; may provide insights (though much is outside awareness) e. What happens when we try to suppress unwanted thoughts? VI. Paying Attentiona. Selective attention- focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus-Cocktail-party effect: tuning in one message while filtering out others nearby-Inattentional blindness: failure to se visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere-Change blindness: failure to notice changes in the environmentVII. Consciousness divideda. Conscious mind- visible to attentionb. Unconscious mind- invisible to attention, psychodynamic view: problematic, learning view: adaptivec. Automatic processing- without awareness or controld. Controlled processing requires more effortVIII. Sleepa. Circadian rhythms-24 hour clock corresponding to light and darkness-with no time cues, 24.3-25 hour cycleIX. Why do we sleep?a. Evolutionarily adaptiveb. Brain restoration and repair c. Secrete growth hormones (via pituitary gland)d. Conserve energye. Memory storagef. Restores us physicallyX. Stages of sleepa. Four stages plus REM sleep (also called paradoxical sleep)b. More deep sleep (stages 3-4) early; more REM (and dreaming) laterc. Sleep stages occur in a repeating pattern over 90-100 minutesXI. Effects of sleep deprivationa. Fatigueb. Impairment of concentration, creativity, communicationc. Can lead to obesity, hypertension, suppressed immune systemd. Can lead to irritability and slowed performanceXII. Dreaminga. Common themes: falling, being chased, school, sex, being late, eatingb. The psychodynamic/ Freudian perspective-the interplay of inner mental forces-people have both conscious and unconscious motives-these motives can conflict with one another-Freud said dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”-psychodynamic dreams: unconscious material in symbolic or concealed formXIII. Dream meaninga. Unconscious wishes -manifest content: actual events-latent content: symbolic content- unconscious wish or motivationXIV. Problem-focused approach (or “dreams for survival”)a. Dreams reflect current concerns and sometimes how to resolve them, especially survival-related ideasb. Activation-synthesis Model-cortex makes sense of random electrical activity from brain stem-dreams are therefore “side effects” to some extent?c. Conclusion: resolution might incorporate elements from different theoriesXV. Sleep disturbancesa. Insomniab. Sleep apneac. Narcolepsyd. Sleepwalkinge. Night TerrorsXVI. Hypnosisa. Described as being a trance-like state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others b. Franz Mesmer-originated in 18th century-claimed to cure disease via “animal magnetism”-redistributes the body’s force fieldc. Effects of hypnosis-Enhanced memory for long-forgotten events-Greater suggestibility-Hallucinations (positive and negative) and therapeutic uses, pain removal-Post-hypnotic suggestions and amnesiaXVII. Theories of hypnosisa. Neodissociation theory-Splitting of consciousness into two parts-The “hidden observer” that is more aware and more rational-Other, normal examples of dissociation of consciousness (e.g., driving a car)b. Sociocognitive theory-normal social forces operate and the actor “becomes” the part-social influence of hypnotist combined with the expectations of the