VII. Memory Distortions, and the Debate over Repression of Childhood AbusePSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Theory and Research MethodII. Scientific Method: Developing ExplanationsIII. Research ProcessIV. TheoryV. Operational definitionsVI. Correlational Study and MethodVII. ExperimentsVIII. Independent variable vs. Dependent variableIX. Multifactor ResearchX. Experiments revisitedOutline of Current Lecture I. MemoryII. ThemesIII. Memory systemsIV. Short-term memoryV. Long-term memoryVI. RetrievalVII. ForgettingVIII. Where memory resides IX. Memory distortions and dysfunctionsX. Working memoryXI. How we rememberThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureI. Memorya. the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve informationII. Important themes a. Memory is not a solitary system, multiple memory systems existb. Memory is active and constructed, rather than passive c. Memory accuracy can be dramatically affected (encoding and retrieval), you can improveyour memory just as you can make it worseIII. Memory systemsa. Sensory memory- the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instantb. Echoic memory- stores auditory information coming from the earsc. Iconic memory- reflects information from our visual systemd. Declarative memory-episodic memory- memory for one’s personal experiences-semantic memory- memory for knowledge of the worlde. Procedural memory- performing tasks and procedures (e.g., walking, typing)f. Implicit memory- memory without trying to rememberg. Amnesics show that these memory systems are distinctIII. Working (Short-Term) Memory a. Storage- acoustic encoding as well as semantic encodingb. Capacity of short-term memory and “chunking”; rehearsalc. Duration of short-term memory- holds information in awareness for short period of time (20-30 seconds)IV. Long-Term Memorya. Encoding & Storage: depth of processing-Structure (e.g., outlines)-Imagery (e.g., a vivid picture)-Elaboration (e.g., the self-reference effect)-Distributed versus massed learning (don’t cram!)V. Retrievala. Cues—tapping into a network by using cluesb. Targeted practice (e.g., close your book and try to recall the key points of a chapter)c. State-dependent learning (internal states - mood/drugs; external states - environments)V. Forgettinga. Interference-Retroactive interference- new memories interfere with old ones-Proactive interference- old memories with new learningb. Serial position effects-Recency effects- remembering last items better-Primacy effects- remembering first items betterVI. Where memory resides in the braina. Hippocampus (and the cerebral cortex too) essential for declarative memory b. Cerebellum important for procedural memory (such as classically conditioned responses)c. Late-developing hippocampus helps to explain infantile amnesia (no explicit memory)d. Lashley showed that memories are not located in specific areas of the brainVII. Memory Distortions, and the Debate over Repression of Childhood Abusea. False memories are common, and leading questions after an event can distort memory b. The “smashed” car story: the power of one word (and visualization?)c. False memories of abuse in children: Dangers of hypnosis, pressure by adults to agreed. The therapist might search until s/he confirms initial belief (self-fulfilling prophecy) VI. Memory Dysfunctionsa. Amnesia- memory loss that occurs without other mental difficultiesb. Retrograde amnesia- memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain eventc. Anterograde amnesia- loss of memory occurs for events following an injuryVII. Working Memorya. Central executive processor- reasoning and decision makingb. Visual store- visual and spatial informationc. Verbal store- speech, words, and numbersVIII. How We Remembera. Elaborative rehearsal: the more you think about something, the more you’ll remember itb. Having a schema can facilitate encoding and recallc. Mnemonicsd. Long-term memory- associative memory, serial position effect, availability vs.