PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture II. Introduction to Psychology 101A. Psychology, science, & truthIII. Types of Psychologists and the professionIV. Four basic themesV. Psychological perspectivesVI. Dr. Green’s in-class philosophy and helpful guidelinesCurrent Lecture- The goal of science: Discover truth about the natural world -Truth: that which corresponds to reality -What do you know for certain?- Methods of discovering truth (not exhaustive) -Intuition- it just feels true -Metaphysics- religion, mythology, etc. -Logic- basic assumptions, if-then reasoning, etc. -Science- based on evidence**(psychologists)- Being knowledgeable consumers of science is important- Definition of Psychology-The systematic study of the behaviors and mental processes of individuals(note that the unit of analysis is the individual)- Types of Psychologists-Clinical/counseling (50% of PhDs)-School/educational (8%)-Developmental (5%)-Social and Personality (4%)-Cognitive (3%)-Neuroscience/ physiological (3%)-Industrial/organizational (4%)-The American Psychological Association (APA) has 160,000 members worldwide and 54 divisions, including: -Peace psychology, military psychologyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Consumer psychology -Psychology of Women, Psych of Masculinity -Health Psychology -Media Psychology-More APA divisions: -Sports psychology -Psychology and the Law -Family psychology -Trauma psychology -Addiction psychology -International- The profession of Psychology-Basic Research- builds psychology’s knowledge base through research and training-Applied Research- tackles practical problems in industrial or other institutional/ organizational settings-A helping profession- that involves counseling and clinical treatment-Educating Psychologists -Doctoral Degrees (Ph.D. & Psy. D.) -Psychiatrist (MD) -Master’s Degree- Four Basic Themes-Psychology is empirical -Scientific method, not intuition or “common sense” which often is self-contradictory-Behavior is multiply-caused -Ex: why did you sign up for this course? -Situational, emotional, genetic, cultural, physiological factors, etc. -Individual and Group differences exist -Individual differences usually > group ones (compare ranges vs. mean diff)-We are often completely unaware about certain causes of our own behavior -We ignore or deny social factors -Priming/construct activation (e.g., elderly study example, rudeness study example)- Major Psychological Perspectives-Behaviorist: -Objective measurement important, so focus on behavior and ignore what seems subjective (inside the head or “black box”- thoughts and feelings) -Learning principles are the same for all animals -Past experience and environment determine behavior (not genetic or social background) -Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner are key figures-Cognitive:-Mental processes are important: the role of perception, thought, memory -Expectations, goals, etc. matter -You can objectively measure these concepts -The whole > sum of its parts -Max Wertheimer-Neuroscience: -We are born with biological characteristics that limit and define us -Nervous system structure (brain parts) -Nervous system function/activity (work of neurotransmitters) -Genetic factors are essential: scientists have found genetic links to psychological disorders, attitudes, intelligence, personality, etc.-Evolution: -Just as evolutionary pressures caused structures to change over time, so have preferences and behaviors been shaped by what provided a survival advantage -Theories of attraction -Phobias (spiders, snakes, heights) -Preferences for sweet and fatty foods -Charles Darwin-Natural Selection: is an evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to ongoing generations because these traits help survive and reproduce-Artificial Selection: -Biologists like Belyaev and Trut (1999) were able to artificially rear and domesticate wild foxes, selecting them for friendly traits, any trait that is favored naturally or artificially spreads to future generations.-Psychodynamic: unconscious motivations (often for sex and aggression) drive behavior and early childhood experiences are critically important, Freud had a powerful impact on all of Western culture (even as his influence in psychology has diminished)-Humanistic: -More optimistic, emphasizes human freedom and potential (self-actualization) -Less scientific (and less supporting evidence) -Carl Rodgers & Abraham Maslow-Sociocultural: Other people, situations, and our culture influence thoughts & behavior -Why do people act differently in crowds? -Why do people obey unjust orders? -What do you think about spanking? -Where does the child sleep? -Is boasting acceptable?- Dr. Green’s Class Philosophy and Tips-review the syllabus-Dr. Green is very eager to help, but ask before it is too late-e-mail etiquette-take class seriously-attend the SI sessions, they are there to review what we talked about in class-take responsibility and initiative and get the labs completed on time-contribute and participate in class by doing the