Proposed by Albert banduraPsych professor at StanfordUnder what conditions do children imitate?What cause children to imitate one action but not another?How to get children to imitate desirable behaviors and avoid undesirable onesOperant Learning vs. Social LearningOperant LearningLearning through your own experienceEx) Touching a hot stove… burning… don’t touch againSocial LearningLearn by watching other peoples experiencesImportant= model of reinforcementBobo Doll Studies (1960s)Kids watch a model behave aggressively with the bobo dollSome kids watched the model get rewarded and some got punishedKids watched the model be aggressive and nothing happenedAny behavior directed at damaging a persons self esteem or social standingSometimes called “indirect” or “relational” aggressionCommonly occurring even within peer groups, especially girlsIncreases among girls as they matureVictims experience mental and emotional problemsIn extreme cases, has been implicated in suicidePheobe PrinceAshlynn ConnorWhat is the Mares et al Experiement?Why did they do the study?They were looking at relationships between aggression andLooked at Unfabulous and That’s so RavenHypothesesThose who see the high-conflict episodes will be more likely than those who see the low conflict episodes to:Expect stereotypical groups expect more bullying; have more negative feelings about middle school; moderated by habitual viewing of these showsProcedureUsed 5th graders who were about to go into middle schoolTEL 317 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-10Lecture 1 (January 16th)What is the definition of children? Why study just kids & mostly television?A child is typically under the age of 18. For this class=under the age of 13 because that’s when children spend the most time with time. Children are the future generation and they are very vulnerable. The immediate impact on young kids, they don’t know any better. In childhood, that’s when your habits and your thoughts about media begin to develop. We will be studying mostly television because children spend more time watching TV than anything else. What are the types of effects with children and the media?Behavioral which is becoming aggressive or violent after watching something. Attitudinal which would be when you watch a documentary and your attitude about the subject changes. Cognitive/Information. Emotion= which is fear to media experiences. Health. Lecture 2 (January 23rd) Describe the media use of children age 8-17. The average child spends 7 hours and 38 minutes with the media each day. TV still dominates. Kids are working “overtime” with media. Only 16 minutes of time spent with the internet is for homework. Describe how children might have too much access with the media. Look at screens rather than the environment for stimulation. Expect to be entertained rather than be entertained themselves.. Interacting with the family is boring, so they need screen media to get through dinner. Eating is something you do while you are doing something else. Tend to eat more while in front of a screen. For media companies, there is a financial benefit to keeping children glued to screens. They miss experiencing the feelings of curiosity. Miss the sense s of mastery that comes from discovery and problem solving. Miss opportunities to practice delayed gratification—essential for any task that involves working toward a goal (success at work, saving for retirement). Miss opportunities to generate play in and with their surrounding in unique ways. Kids today rely on “scripts” instead.Lecture 3-4 (Jan 28th and Jan 30th) What is the scientific perspective? Characteristics of the perspective: Systematic- Rules for an experiment are going to be the sameregardless of what your studying. Replicable- Someone else should be able to repeat your experiment and get the same results as you did. Public-Put findings out there and let other people them What are the different ways of generating knowledge?Content Analysis= used to describe media messages and study the content that people are using. Also to make comparison. It is systematic and replicable, unobtrusive and easy to make comparisons. Survey= Used to describe characteristics of a population and to examine relationships between variables. The advantages are that is representative and naturalistic but it cannot establish causations and cant prove that the media caused anything. Experiment= Used to isolate effects of specific variables and to establish causality. What is Piaget’s Theory and what are the stages of development?It was his theory to explain how children adapt and interpret objects and events in the real world. The first stage of development is the sensorimotor stage (0-2yrs). This is when children motor skills and object permanence are development. It is infants trying to make sense of their world through their motor skills and activities. Preoperational is the second stage- It consists of perceptual dependence, centration, egocentrism, animism etc. Third stage is the concrete operational=middle school or a little before. These children are less perceptually dependent, they can infer that sometimes nice looking people are not nice and they are able to follow a plotline. Formal operation is the next stage which concludes that after 13 years of age, your brain is no different than a 50 year olds=fully developed. Lecture 5-6 (Feb 4th and Feb 6th)What are the developmental stages of attention?Passive= Includes infants. This includes passive reception. Visual attention is reactive, stimulus change elicits attention. Passive audience members let content wash right over them, young children are not paying attention.Active= Preschollers-Tweens. Attention elicited by informative cues. Comprehension is keyLecture 7-8 (Feb 11th and Feb 13th)What is the social learning theory?- Proposed by Albert bandurao Psych professor at Stanford- Under what conditions do children imitate?o What cause children to imitate one action but not another? o How to get children to imitate desirable behaviors and avoid undesirable ones - Operant Learning vs. Social Learningo Operant Learning Learning through your own experience  Ex) Touching a hot stove… burning… don’t touch again o Social Learning Learn by watching other peoples experiences Important= model of reinforcement - Bobo Doll Studies (1960s) o Kids watch a model behave aggressively with the bobo dollo Some kids watched the