Slide 1Slide 2Implicit RecollectionHistorical Background Implicit Memory ResearchImplicit Memory Research AmnesicsImplicit Memory Research Amnesics cont.Implicit Memory Research Normal IndividualsImplicit Memory Research Normal Individuals cont.Slide 9Slide 10Differences between Implicit and Explicit OperationsSlide 12Theories of Implicit RemembranceSlide 14Body MemoriesSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandAutomatic Processes&Memory in Social CognitionBy: The AnonymiAutomatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandAutomatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandImplicit Recollection•Implicit versus explicit memory–Implicit Memory: the ability to perform motor skills and procedures (e.g., typing, riding a bike) as well as certain cognitive skills (e.g., completing word fragments, answering questions correctly with no awareness of how we knew the answer).–Explicit Memory: conscious awareness of the material that has been recalled, usually with a fair idea of how that knowledge was gained.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandHistorical BackgroundImplicit Memory Research•During 1880s, implicit memory was studied in the context of phenomena such as automatic writing and neurological amnesias.•Ebbinghaus’ “savings score”•Terms implicit and explicit memory coined in 1924.•Freud and Janet: theories of psychopathology on the basis of implicit memory.–However, implicit memory not that same as “repressed memory”.•Once 1880s heyday had passed, nearly all research on human memory focused on explicit recollection.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandImplicit Memory ResearchAmnesics •Edouard Claparede (1911)•H.M.–Ability to perform pursuit rotor and mirror tracing tests.–Knows where the bathroom is at the laboratory he visits occasionally.•Amnesics can:–Complete Tower of Hanoi puzzle–Gollin figure test–Cognitive mapping (see H.M.)Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandImplicit Memory ResearchAmnesics cont.•Amnesics remember:–Frequently practiced sports routines (e.g., skiing)–Learn fictitious information about people–Produce bits and pieces of recently presented stories–Acquire preferences for previously heard melodies–Spot hidden figures more quickly after single exposure•Procedural preservation also seen in people who experience alcohol-induced blackouts, drug-related amnesias, psychogenic amnesias, and DID.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandImplicit Memory ResearchNormal Individuals•Research into implicit recollection came into the limelight via study of lexical access.•Paradigms:–Perceptual identification–Word fragment completion–Stem completion–Homophone spelling–Lexical decisionAutomatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandImplicit Memory ResearchNormal Individuals cont.•Perceptual identification test:–30 ms view of word; fast enough so subjects can make out only dim flash of light–When asked to guess from list of words, subjects can usually correctly guess when word was primed•Word completion–Study list of words (might include “dimple”)–“d _ _ p _ e”•Stem completion–Similar to word completion (might include “concept”)–“con______”Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandImplicit Memory ResearchNormal Individuals cont.•Homophone spelling–Write down homophones (e.g., “pare”)–Implicit memory displayed when spelling (pare, pair, pear) duplicates word originally studied.•Lexical decision:–Determine very rapidly string of “known” and “unknown” words (e.g., “barker” or “bekran”)–Response times faster for words that were primed.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandImplicit Memory ResearchNormal Individuals cont.•Must be careful to rule out possibility that normal subjects might use explicit knowledge during an implicit test. •Teasing implicit and explicit memory apart:–When debriefed, subjects say they did not strategize in any way.–Subjects are often as surprised as the experimenter to learn that their “guessing game” performance was good.–Results compatible w/ implicit memory persist when the opportunity to strategize is strictly controlled.–Implicit and explicit memory tests produce statistically independent results within the same subjects for the same materials.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandDifferences between Implicit and Explicit Operations•Explicit Memory:–Deep, elaborate forms of processing such as visual imagery, semantic conceptualization, and intricate application.–Seldom affected by the sensory modality through which info. came.–Decays rapidly over time when tested in certain ways.–Best when stimuli are generated by subjects rather than presented in isolation.–Hampered by alcohol.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandDifferences between Implicit and Explicit Operations•Implicit Memory–Not aided by deep or elaborate processing.–Bound by modality.–Perseveres with measurements that produce rapid decay of explicit memory.–Interference has little effect.–Isolated stimuli are best at priming themselves.–Not hampered by alcohol.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandTheories of Implicit Remembrance•Schacter–Implicit memory is subserved by a special neurological system.–Implicit memories are sustained despite the destruction of brain structures that are known to play a significant role in creating explicit memories.–Implicit priming does not seem to fall within the procedural system.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandTheories of Implicit Remembrance•Roediger–Not necessary to postulate about an independent brain system for every dissociation know to exist in memory literature.–Differences in cognitive processing, not brain structures, that cause dissociations to occur in tests of implicit and explicit memories.–Bottom-up versus top-down processing.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh & ChartrandBody Memories•Body “remembers” what the mind forgets.•Some suggest that muscles, tendons, joints, and organs of the human body are capable of remembering information, especially traumatic information.•Troubled individuals occasionally experience physical pain but that does not mean the muscles have memory.•Individuals who experience somatic symptoms have indelible memories of the traumatic event.Automatic ProcessesJonesKundaBargh &
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