Automatic Processes Automatic Processes Jones Kunda Memory in Social Cognition Bargh Chartrand By The Anonymi Automatic Processes Jones Kunda Bargh Chartrand Automatic Processes Implicit Recollection Jones Kunda Bargh Chartrand Implicit versus explicit memory Implicit Memory the ability to perform motor skills and procedures e g typing riding a bike as well as certain cognitive skills e g completing word fragments answering questions correctly with no awareness of how we knew the answer Explicit Memory conscious awareness of the material that has been recalled usually with a fair idea of how that knowledge was gained Automatic Processes Historical Background Implicit Memory Research Jones During 1880s implicit memory was studied in the context of phenomena such as automatic writing and neurological amnesias Kunda Ebbinghaus savings score Terms implicit and explicit memory coined in 1924 Bargh Freud and Janet theories of psychopathology on the basis of implicit memory Chartrand However implicit memory not that same as repressed memory Once 1880s heyday had passed nearly all research on human memory focused on explicit recollection Automatic Processes Implicit Memory Research Amnesics Jones Edouard Claparede 1911 H M Kunda Bargh Chartrand Ability to perform pursuit rotor and mirror tracing tests Knows where the bathroom is at the laboratory he visits occasionally Amnesics can Complete Tower of Hanoi puzzle Gollin figure test Cognitive mapping see H M Automatic Processes Implicit Memory Research Amnesics cont Jones Amnesics remember Kunda Frequently practiced sports routines e g skiing Learn fictitious information about people Produce bits and pieces of recently presented stories Acquire preferences for previously heard melodies Spot hidden figures more quickly after single exposure Bargh Chartrand Procedural preservation also seen in people who experience alcohol induced blackouts drug related amnesias psychogenic amnesias and DID Automatic Processes Implicit Memory Research Normal Individuals Jones Research into implicit recollection came Kunda Bargh Chartrand into the limelight via study of lexical access Paradigms Perceptual identification Word fragment completion Stem completion Homophone spelling Lexical decision Automatic Processes Implicit Memory Research Normal Individuals cont Jones Perceptual identification test Kunda Bargh Chartrand 30 ms view of word fast enough so subjects can make out only dim flash of light When asked to guess from list of words subjects can usually correctly guess when word was primed Word completion Study list of words might include dimple d p e Stem completion Similar to word completion might include concept con Automatic Processes Implicit Memory Research Normal Individuals cont Jones Homophone spelling Write down homophones e g pare Implicit memory displayed when spelling Kunda pare pair pear duplicates word originally studied Bargh Lexical decision Chartrand Determine very rapidly string of known and unknown words e g barker or bekran Response times faster for words that were primed Automatic Processes Implicit Memory Research Normal Individuals cont Must be careful to rule out possibility that normal subjects might use explicit knowledge Jones during an implicit test Kunda Bargh Chartrand Teasing implicit and explicit memory apart When debriefed subjects say they did not strategize in any way Subjects are often as surprised as the experimenter to learn that their guessing game performance was good Results compatible w implicit memory persist when the opportunity to strategize is strictly controlled Implicit and explicit memory tests produce statistically independent results within the same subjects for the same materials Automatic Processes Differences between Implicit and Explicit Operations Jones Explicit Memory Deep elaborate forms of processing such as visual imagery semantic conceptualization and intricate application Kunda Seldom affected by the sensory modality through which info came Bargh Decays rapidly over time when tested in Chartrand certain ways Best when stimuli are generated by subjects rather than presented in isolation Hampered by alcohol Automatic Processes Differences between Implicit and Explicit Operations Jones Kunda Bargh Chartrand Implicit Memory Not aided by deep or elaborate processing Bound by modality Perseveres with measurements that produce rapid decay of explicit memory Interference has little effect Isolated stimuli are best at priming themselves Not hampered by alcohol Automatic Processes Theories of Implicit Remembrance Jones Kunda Bargh Chartrand Schacter Implicit memory is subserved by a special neurological system Implicit memories are sustained despite the destruction of brain structures that are known to play a significant role in creating explicit memories Implicit priming does not seem to fall within the procedural system Automatic Processes Theories of Implicit Remembrance Jones Kunda Bargh Chartrand Roediger Not necessary to postulate about an independent brain system for every dissociation know to exist in memory literature Differences in cognitive processing not brain structures that cause dissociations to occur in tests of implicit and explicit memories Bottom up versus top down processing Automatic Processes Body Memories Jones Body remembers what the mind forgets Some suggest that muscles tendons joints and organs of the human body are capable of Kunda remembering information especially traumatic information Bargh Troubled individuals occasionally experience Chartrand physical pain but that does not mean the muscles have memory Individuals who experience somatic symptoms have indelible memories of the traumatic event Automatic Processes Definition Shiffrin Schneider 1977 Conscious Processes With awareness Jones Controllable Effortful Kunda With intention Automatic Processes opposite Bargh Chartrand Outside of awareness Uncontrollable Efficient Without intention No longer fully accepted Gilbert Hixon 1991 Automatic Processes Historical examples of unawareness Jones Kunda Bargh Chartrand Aronson and Mills 1959 painful initiation rites Nisbett and Wilson 1977 product placements subtle cue or clue solves puzzle Bargh Chen and Burrows 1996 prime rudeness interruption Considered weak examples Automatic Processes Stricter methods Implicit memory Schacter 1987 1996 Jones amnesic patients Tulving Schacter and Stark 1982 word stem completion faster recognition worse after week Kunda Brown and Murphy
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