Acids and BasesToday’s topic:Le Chatelier’s Principle, Law of Mass Action, equilibrium and dissociation constantsIncrease in concentration of Na+ with time after the addition of solid NaCl to pure water at 25°C — illustrates that chemical reactions proceed toward an equilibrium state.NaCl(s) Na+ + Cl-NaCl(s) Na+ + Cl-(reactant) (products)(equilibrium)Chemical reactions proceed toward a state of equilibriumLe Chatelier’s principle“Any change in one of the variables that determine thestate of a system in equilibrium causes a shift in the position of equilibrium in a direction that tends tocounteract the change in the variable under consideration”In other words:Changing the conditions of a system will result in reactionsthat tend to restore the original conditions…NaCl(s) Na+ + Cl-(reactant) (products)Le Chatelier’s principleFor example, by raising the temperature, an endothermicreaction will go further to completion in an attempt to absorbthe additional heat to keep the temperature from increasing ∴ the solubility of halite is greater at higher temperaturesSolubility is defined as the amount of a compound (a solvent such as NaCl) that dissolves (in a solute such as water) to form a saturated solution. Increase the temperature in the above reaction and more NaCl will dissolve; the solution becomes supersaturated.Faure Ch. 9, problem #1:If the concentration of an ion in a solution is 5.0 x 10-2 mol/L at 25°C, what isits concentrations in the same solution at 45°C? Use the data in Table 9.1.Density = weight/volume, ∴ weight = volume x densityAt 25°C, 1L of water weighs: (0.099707 g/mL)(1000 mL H2O) = 997.07 g H2OAt 45°, the volume of 997.07 g is:(997.07 g H2O)(1.00984 mL/g) = 1006.88715 mL H2OAt 45°C, the concentration of 1006.88715 mL H2O is:(1.00688715 L H2O)(5 x 10-2 mol/L) = 4.96 x 10-2 molAt increased T, the concentration of an ion in solution is decreasedCaCO3(s) + HCl 2Ca2+ + 2Cl- + H2O +CO2(g) Some reactions cannot reach equilibriumand instead go to completion…because some products escape(e.g., CO2 gas) into the atmosphere or ions and moleculesare carried away by groundwater movement)Law of Mass Action(C)c(D)d(A)a(B)b= Keq (equilibrium constant)aA +bB cC + dDwhere a, b, c, and d are the molar coeeficients, and (A), (B), (C ), and (D) are the concentrations of reactantsand products of the reaction at equilibriumLaw of Mass Action…in order to apply this law to ions and molecules inaqueous solutions, we must replace their molar concentrations by their activities:a = γcwhere a is the activity of an ion in solution, c is the molar concentration, and γ is the activity coefficient which corrects the concentration of ions for interference by other ions in real solutionsIn most cases γ < 1 indicating the activity (or effectiveconcentration) of ions is less than their actual concentrationsLaw of Mass Action[C]c[D]d[A]a[B]b= Keq (equilibrium constant)where a, b, c, and d are still the molar coefficients, and now[A], [B], [C ], and [D] are the activities of reactants and products of the reaction at equilibrium…in order to apply this law to ions and molecules inaqueous solutions, we must replace their molar concentrations by their activities:Molality (m) = the number of moles of solute per kg of water Formality (F) = the number of moles of solute per kg of solutionMolarity (M) = the number of moles of solute per L of solution Normality (N) = the number of equivalent weights of solute per L of solution For solutions, concentrations are measured in moles/L (M = molar) or mole/kg (m = molal), but commonly given by geologists inweight units:e.g., ppm = mg/kg = mg/LFaure Ch. 9, problem #6:Calculate the pH of hydrofluoric acid containing 0.1 mol of HF per liter (0.1 M HF)of solution. Find the dissociation constant in Table 9.3.Kd = 10-3.2HF(aq) H+ + F-[H+] [F-][HF]= 10-3.2pH = -log10[H+]We assume γ = 1 in a = γc, so that [a] = (c)We define: (H+) = x, (F-) = x, and (HF) = 0.1 - xUsing the Law of Mass Action:x20.1-x= 10-3.2, x << 1x2 = 10-4.2, x = 10-2.1[H+] = 10-2.1 mol/L, pH = 2.1[H+] = 10-2.1 = 0.0079 mol/L(0.0079 mol/L H+)(0.01 mol/L HF)x 100 = 7.9% H+Strong vs. Weak Acids and BasesStrong acids: release all or most of the H+ when dissolved in waterWeak acids: release only a small fraction of H+Bases are classified similarly for OH- though some bases do not dissolve in water (e.g., Mg(OH)2 — brucite)Common strong acids and basesCommon weak acids and basesHCLHNO3H2SO4Acids BasesNaOH, etc.Ca(OH)2, etc.La(OH)3Acids BasesCH3COOHH2CO3H3PO4H4SiO4NH4OHNi(OH)2Cu(OH)2REE(OH), not