Biofuels Why do we need biofuels? Where does our current fuel come from? http://www.solcomhouse.com/fossilfuels.htm www.globalization101.org Carbon (CO2) from atmosphere is _____ ________ and stored underground for millions of years www.triplepundit.com What happens to gasses released from burning fossil fuels? www.petrol-head.com csep10.phys.utk.edu Composition of gasses in the atmosphere: Nitrogen: 78% Oxygen: 21% H2O: 1% (variable) Argon: 0.9% CO2: 0.04% Global warming ______________________ beyond anything on record Global Warming Natural or man-made? Short term [CO2] www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ Glacial [CO2] record Petit et al., (1999) Nature, 399: 429-436 Current scientific evidence _____________________ http://bigpicture.typepad.com World use of petroleum http://www.theoildrum.com http://eia.doe.gov/ Developing countries on the risewikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocal World carbon emissions Global Warming What can be done about it? Use forms of energy that are not derived from fossil fuels - _______ - _______ - _______ - _______ - _________ plant oils algal oils - plant based gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, plastics hydrocarbons - ______________ grain biomass - biofuels - plant derived fuels Why biofuels? - reduce _______________ - ______________ petroleum - eventual loss of petroleum deposits - ________________, leads to national security - abundance of plant material How is petroleum processed into fuels? www.energyinst.org.uk www.chemistryland.com Feedstock: ________________________ _________________ - crude oil (petroleum) - plant materials - several different feedstocksPhotosynthesis grapevine.net.au/~grunwald Why do biofuels offer a decrease in GHG emission? - Plants take in atmospheric CO2 Where does CO2 go in a plant? - all parts of the plant ______ ______ ______ ______ All biofuels are derived from plant materials - Reduces atmospheric [CO2] - Same amount or less Carbon (CO) released back to the atmosphere ______________________. community.middlebury.edu ________ ________ How is CO2 used to make plant parts? Photosynthesis 2 parts to photosynthesis 1. ______________ - requires light - energy from sunlight used for production of ATP, NADPH 2. ______________ - does not require light - use of ATP and NADH to fix CO2 into sugars - gives off O2 Photosynthesis Light Reactions ATP Production (photophosphorylation) H+ gradient generated across thylakoid membrane - cytochrome complex pumps H+ H+ are used by chloroplast ATP synthase - H+ from H2O splitting - O2 given off to __________________ Photosynthesis Dark Reactions Calvin Cycle: name of dark reactions Melvin Ellis Calvin (1911 - 1997) - American chemist - worked at UC, Berkeley - used radioactive *CO2 to trace path to glucose - used green algae Chlorella - Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1961Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle The dark reactions How is CO2 used to make plant parts? - sugars used for: - glycolysis to produce ATP - carbon source to build all parts of plant cell SUGARS wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar Where are sugars found in plants? Grains (seeds of non-oil food crop plants): - corn, wheat, barley, rice, oats USATODAY.com In form of ____________ What parts of plant are used as biofuel feedstocks? __________ Where are sugars found in plants? _____________ wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall ___________: - main component of cell walls - polymer of _____________ glucose units Cellulosic ethanol (or Biomass) biology.unm.edu What parts of plant are used as biofuel feedstocks? How are plant sugars converted to EtOH? _____________________ - fermentation same as making ____________________ fig.cox.miami.edu www.novopackepivo.cz - EtOH isolation process is nearly identical to making hard liquor fermentation + distillation www.probrewer.com Uses basic principles of biochemistry and organic chemistry - carbohydrates converted to monomersIntended fuel for Ford Model-T wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_T Ford - ______________________________ First released - 1908 History of ethanol as a Biofuel Downfall of ethanol as fuel: - plentiful cheap petroleum - Prohibition, 1920-1933 http://www.ethanol.org Ethanol Production EtOH production plants in the U.S. Corn for Grain 2011Production by County and Location of Ethanol Plantsas of March 8, 2012 Note: The depicted ethanol plants use corn or other feedstock.Data Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service."USA Plants." Ethanol Producer Magazine, March. 2012. http://www.ethanolproducer.com/plants/listplants/USA/ Corn Production (Bushels)Not Estimated < 1,000,000 1,000,000 - 4,999,999 5,000,000 - 9,999,999 10,000,000 - 14,999,999 15,000,000 - 19,999,999 20,000,000 + Ethanol PlantsProducingUnder ConstructionPlant seeds are high in triglycerides ______________ are used for cooking oils olive oil wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil stomos.net/Sunflower_oil.html sunflower oil www.theperfectpantry.com peanut oil www.vihenthi.com.au/oils.htm vegetable oil www.christinas-home-remedies.com sesame oilwww.chemistryland.com Biofuel alternatives to EtOH ______________________ used in diesel engines easybiodieselkit.com Triacylglycerols as Biodiesel feedstock Plants seed oils used for biodiesel February 24, 2008 guardian.co.uk Coconut pbase.com www.thebodyshop.com soaperschoice.com - ______ jet fuel - ______ mix of coconut and babassu biodiesel - oil from 150,000 coconuts Algae as a source of biofuels oil Microalgae: - produce large amounts of triglycerides - grow with minimal amounts of land - grow with minimal amounts of water - grow quicker than land plants Biofuel Generations ___________: - grain ethanol - biodiesel from oil seeds www.ethacom.com www.biotecengineering.co.uk ___________: - cellulosic ethanol www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16670294/ ___________: - algal biodiesel www.solixbiofuels.com/ ___________: - genetically manipulated plants/algae to: increase CO2 uptake make more oil - genetically manipulated yeast to make more ethanol Craig Venter Synthetic GenomicsHow do Biofuels work as a fuel? EtOH is a combustible ____________________ C C H H H H H OH www.chemistryland.com www.chemistryland.com Fatty acids are combustible oxygenated hydrocarbons - fossil fuels burn inefficiently, ___________________ fast enough - produces _________________, and unburned hydrocarbons - All emitted as GFG into the air Burning biofuels - adding EtOH or FA to gasoline ______________ - more O2 for