Understanding Federalist 51Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives (Cont.)Slide 4Key TermsKey Terms (Cont.)The Federalist PapersFederalist 51PurposeMontesquieuPowers of GovernmentPreserving LibertySeparation of PowersThe Branches of GovernmentIndependent BranchesEnsuring IndependenceSelection ProcessJudges are DifferentSalariesAmbition v. AmbitionHuman NatureChallenge of GovernmentHow to Control Government?Checks and BalancesOverlapping AuthorityMilitary PowerDiplomatic PowerOverlapping PowersAre Branches Equally Powerful?Controlling the Legislative BranchCompound RepublicThe Federal SystemAnd Separation of PowersVertical and HorizontalDouble SecurityThe Tyranny of the MajorityProtecting Minority InterestsMadison’s SolutionDividing Power as a SolutionAdvantage of a Large RepublicQuestionAnswerSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Discussion questionSlide 48Slide 4901/15/19 Political Science Module Developed by PQE1Understanding Federalist 5101/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE2Learning ObjectivesIdentify the significance of the Federalist Papers to an understanding of the American Constitution.Identify Madison’s purpose in writing Federalist 51.Explain the role of separation of powers in the preservation of liberty.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE3Learning Objectives (Cont.)Describe the role played by checks and balances in the preservation of liberty.Identify the provisions included in the Constitution to prevent legislative dominance.Explain the phrase: “Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.”Describe how the “compound republic” protects liberty.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE4Learning Objectives (Cont.)Describe the solution Madison offers to the problem of the tyranny of the majority.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE5Key TermsThe Federalist PapersSeparation of PowersLegislative PowerExecutive PowerJudicial PowerChecks and Balances01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE6Key Terms (Cont.)Compound RepublicFederal SystemTyranny of the Majority01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE7The Federalist PapersEssays written in 1787 and 1788 by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton under the penname of PubliusDesigned to advocate the ratification of the new constitution by the statesAn authoritative but unofficial explanation of American government by those who created it01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE8Federalist 51Madison wrote Federalist 51 in 1788.It was addressed to the people of the State of New York where a lively debate was underway over the ratification of the Constitution.It was subtitled as follows: “The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments.”01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE9PurposeMadison wrote Federalist 51 to explain how separation of powers with checks and balances protects liberty.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE10MontesquieuMadison borrowed the concept of separation of powers from Montesquieu, a French political philosopher.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE11Powers of GovernmentMontequieu identified three types of political power:Legislative power = the power to make lawsExecutive power = the power to enforce lawsJudicial power = the power to interpret laws01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE12Preserving LibertyMontesquieu declared that in order to preserve liberty it was essential that no one person or group of persons exercise all three powers. If one person or one group of people were able to exercise all three types of power, that person would be a threat to individual liberty.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE13Separation of PowersSeparation of powers is the division of political power into legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE14The Branches of GovernmentThe legislative branch is the Congress. The president heads the executive branch.The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the judicial branch of government.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE15Independent BranchesMadison writes that the government under the Constitution should be so constituted that the branches of government (he calls them “departments”) keep “each other in their proper place.” In order to achieve this goal, each branch should be independent of the other branches.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE16Ensuring IndependenceThe best way to guarantee the independence of the branches of government from one another is to ensure that the members of each branch have as little as possible to do with the selection of the members of the other branches.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE17Selection ProcessCongress: Members of the House are chosen by the people. In the original Constitution, state legislatures selected senators. Today, they are elected by the people.President: Selected by an electoral college.Judiciary: Appointed by the president with Senate confirmation.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE18Judges are DifferentThe best way to ensure independence of the branches is for the members of each branch to be chosen by the people in election.However, election is not feasible for members of the judicial branch because special qualifications are needed.Even though judges are appointed, lifetime appointments soon renders them independent.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE19SalariesMadison declares that the independence of the branches is further enhanced by making the members of each branch as little dependent as possible on the other branches for their salaries.01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE20Ambition v. AmbitionThe best protection against any one branch growing too powerful is to empower the members of each branch to oppose the encroachments of the other branches. “Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.”01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE21Human NatureMadison had a realistic view of human nature.“If men were angels,” he said, “no government would be necessary.”01/15/19Political Science Module Developed by PQE22Challenge of GovernmentThe government must be able to control the governed.The government must be able to control