PSY-P324 1st EditionExam # 2 Study GuideWhat to study for Exam 2 Lecture: EVERYTHING from lecture is fair game! Book: know the following material that appeared only in the textbookChapter 5: Anxiety Disorders: ♦ p. 126: what is the BIS (behavioral inhibition system) and where is it found?- Activated by signals from the brain stem of unexpected events, such as major changes in body functioning that might signal danger. - Receives a big boost from the amygdala- Activated by signals that arise from the brain stem and descend from the cortex. ♦ p. 126: what is the relationship between cigarette smoking as a teenager and anxiety disorders in adulthood? What is the relationship between smoking and panic, and what is it attributed to?- Chronic exposure to nicotine increases the somatic symptoms, as well as respiratory problems, triggers additional anxiety and panic,thereby increasing biological vulnerability to develop severe anxiety disorders. - Teens who smoked 20 or more cigarettes daily were 15x more likely to develop panic disorder ♦ p. 132: what is an autonomic restrictor, and what disorder is it found in?- Associated with people who have GAD because they have a lower heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and respiration rate activity than do people with regular anxiety disorders ♦ p. 132: individuals with GAD are highly sensitive to what?- Threat in general, specifically a threat that has personal relevance ♦ p. 135: what is introceptive avoidance, and what anxiety disorder is it related to?- Behaviors that involve removing yourself from situations or activities that might produce the physiological arousal that somehow resembles the beginnings of a panic attack- Associated with agoraphobia. ♦ p. 136: how do (a large proportion of) men with unexpected panic attacks cope?- By consuming large amounts of alcohol and they may become dependent on it. ♦ p. 137: what % of people with Panic Disorder experience nocturnal panic attacks? When in the sleep cycle does it occur, and what causes these attacks? How do these attacks differ from “sleep terrors” experienced by children?- Approximately 60%- Occur in delta sleep and are caused by the change in stages of sleep to slow wave sleep that produces physical sensations of “letting go”- Individuals experiencing nocturnal panic attacks wake and remember them in the morning, children experiencing sleep terrors do not. ♦ p. 138: what % of the population has experienced a panic attack? Under what conditions? What % will go on to develop Panic Disorder? What is different about the individuals who do not develop anxiety?- 8-12% of the population has experienced a panic attack under a period of intense stress during the past year- only 5% will go on to develop Panic Disorder - people who don’t develop anxiety disorder attribute the attack to the events of the moment ♦ p. 142: What new drug might enhance treatment of anxiety? What part of the brain is affected, and how does the drug work? What disorders does it appear to treat?- D-cycloserine (DCS) - Works in the amygdala and affects the neurotransmitter flow in a way that strengthens the extinction process - It has been used most recently to treat social anxiety disorder or panic disorder ♦ p. 149: new developments in the treatment of phobias make it possible to do what? - Make it possible to treat many specific phobias, including blood phobia, in a single, daylong session ♦ p. 150: what are the two most prevalent anxiety disorders in the US?- Specific phobia (#1) and social phobia (#2) ♦ p. 154: what is PTSD, and what are the symptoms of the disorder?- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Memories and nightmares - They display a characteristic restriction or numbing of emotional responsiveness, which may be disruptive to interpersonal relationships. ♦ p. 162: what obsessions are strongly associated with what types of rituals?Needing things to be symmetrical, urged to do things over and over until they feel “just right”Putting things in a certain order and repeating rituals Fears, urges to harm self or others, fears of offending GodChecking, avoidance, repeated requests for reassurance Germs, fear of germs or contaminants Repetitive or excessive washing, using gloves, masks to do daily tasks Fears of throwing everything away Collecting/saving objects with little or no actual or sentimental value such as food wrappingsAnxiety Disorders I. Fear v. Anxiety a. Fear: innate emotion, adaptive i. 4 components: cognitive (thinking danger), emotional, somatic (norepinephrine  adrenaline), behavioral (fight or flight response) ii. Focus: focus on present danger b. Anxiety derives from fear, why you have the same physiological responsei. Only disorder if it becomes extreme. A little motivates you but toomuch causes distressii. Focus: on the future and its danger, about the “what if” II. Anxiety Disorders a. GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) i. Criteria1. Excessive worrying, difficult for worry control, clinically significant distress or impairment in social occupational, orother areas of functioning 2. Associated with restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance ii. Description1. 3-5% prevalence, 55-65% in favor of males, over ½ had it as a child, chronic (worse at other times ex. Finals), half has had other disorders (anxiety and depression)iii. Theories 1. Characteristics in families a. Tendency to be anxious b. Chronic muscle tensionc. Sensitivity to risk  risk aversive vs risk takers d. Decreased GABA  allows negative emotions to come out2. Behavioral Inhibition (infants)a. More likely to develop GADb. Don’t like novelty, change, uncertainty. 3. Brain Areasa. Limbic System: emotions b. Amygdala: fear response i. People with GAD have an over active amygdala c. Cognitive: misperceive, exaggerate dangerb. Phobiasi. Specific Phobias1. Criteria a. Persistent, unreasonable fear caused by presence or anticipation of a specific object or situationb. Exposure to phobic stimulus provokes an immediate anxiety response c. Person recognizes that fear is excessive or unreasonable d. Phobic situation is avoided or endured w/ intense anxiety/distress e. Process of the phobia significantly interferes with the person’s normal routine. 2. Types a. Animal, natural, blood/injury, situational, other (thenumber 13, clowns, vomiting) 3.