Exam # 1 Study GuideWhat to study for Exam 1 (Remember, EVERYTHING from lecture is fair game!)Book: know the following material that appeared only in the textbookChapter 1• p. 4-5: what is a scientist-practitioner and what are 3 ways of practice?- a mental health professional that takes a scientific approach to their clinical work - keep up with the latest scientific developments in their field and therefore use the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures - evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedures to see whether they work - conduct research that produces new information about disorders or their treatment, becoming immune to the fads that plague the field. • p. 5: know definitions of: presenting problem; clinical description; prevalence, incidence, course (chronic &time-limited) and prognosis- that traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic- the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder- how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder - statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period - chronic course: disorders that tend to last a long time, time-limited: the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period - the anticipated course of the disorder • p. 9: what is mass hysteria? Emotion contagion? Mob psychology?- Large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior - the phenomenon of emotional cognition in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us - if one person identifies a “cause” of the problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source. • p. 10: the humoral theory was the first example of associating psych disorders with what? What personality traits were associated with each of the humors?- First example of associating psych disorders with a chemical imbalance - Sanguine: ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic- Melancholic: depressive- Phlegmatic: apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress - Choleric: hot tempered. • p. 18: what is object relations, and what do these theorists focus on?- The study of how children incorporate the images, memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were (or are) emotionally attached. - Theorists focus on how these disparate images come together to make up a person’s identity and on the conflicts that may emerge. PSY-P324 1st Edition• p.19-20: what is self-actualizing? Unconditional positive regard? These terms are associated with what theory? - The underlying assumption that all of us could reach our highest potential in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow - The complete and almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client’s feelings and actions is critical to the humanistic approach. - Humanistic approach Chapter 2• p. 33: know definitions of: polygenic & quantitative genetics- When a score is influenced by many genes, each contributing a tiny effect, all of which, in turn, may be influenced by the environment - Sums up all the tiny effects across many genes without necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for which effects • p. 38: what is epigenetics, and how do environmental factors affect genetically influenced tendencies?-• p. 43-45: what are brain circuits? What is an agonist and an antagonist?- Paths of neurotransmitters that may or may not overlap with other circuits - Agnoist: substance that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects- Antagonist: substances that decrease, or block, the activity of a neurotransmitter • p. 46: what is the best-known effect of GABA? what does the serotonin system regulate? what behaviors are associated with low serotonin?- Best known effect is to reduce anxiety - Serotonin system regulates behavior, moods and thought processes. - Aggression, suicide, impulsive overeating and excessive sexual behavior as associated with low serotonin. • p. 48: what psychological disorders are associated with dopamine? - Schizophrenia, depression and ADHD • p. 54: what is learned helplessness? What does the animal /person do?- Occurs when rats or other animals encounter conditions over which they have no control. - They give up attempting to cope and develop depression • p. 56-57: how does emotion differ from mood?- Emotions are usually short-lived, temporary states lasting from several minutes to several hours,occurring in response to an external event.- Mood is a more persistent period of affect or emotionality. Chapter 3• p. 72: know the 5 categories of the mental status exam- Appearance and behavior - Thought processes - Mood and affect - Intellectual functioning - Sensorium (our general awareness of our surroundings) • p. 74-77: what is behavioral assessment, and when is it used?What are “target behaviors”? what is the “ABC” model? What is reactivity?- Behavioral assessment uses direct observation to asses formally an individuals’ thoughts, feelings and behavior in specific situations or contexts. - Target Behavior is a behavior defined so that it can be observed and measured- ABC Model: Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence o Used in observation - Reactivity: a phenomenon that can distort any observational data. o Any time you observe how people behave, the mere fact of your presence may cause them to change their behavior • p. 83-84: know the following neuroimaging techniques: CAT (CT) scan; MRI; PET scan; fMRI- CT: proved useful in identifying and locating abnormalities in the structure of shape of the brain - MRI: a test that measures how long it takes the protons to “relax” or return to normal.- PET: a test that measures what parts of the brain are working and what aren’t. - fMRI: allow researchers to see the immediate response of the brain to a brief event, such as seeing a new face. • p. 84: what is an EEG & what is an evoked potential? - EEG: electroencephalogram measures electrical activity in the head related to the firing of a specific group of neurons reveals brain wave activity. - Evoked potential: the response in an EEG to specific events, such as hearing a psychologically meaningful stimulus. • p. 86: what are ideographic and