PSY-P324 Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lectures 1-4 (January 15-24)Defining Abnormality I. Abnormal Behavior: behavior that is not typical or common to that particular culture, society, and time period. Psychological Disorder:- Breakdown in cognitive (thoughts), emotional (feelings), behavioral (actions) functioning. - Associated with Distress (suffering) and Impaired Functioning - A Response that is not typical or culturally expected - Developmentalo Is this behavior age appropriate - Culture o Cultural Norms can differII. Psychopathology: scientific study of psychological disorders III. Models A. Historic 1. Supernatural gods a. Ancient Greeks: people who had psychological disorders were told they were punished by gods b. Early America: people who had psychological disorders were told they were being punished by the devil 2. Biological a. Hysteria  dramatic emotional behavior that’s characteristic of women i. Associated with bearing children B. Psychoanalytic or Psychodynamic 1. Freud believed that powerful inner forces shaped personality and motivate behavior 2. Intrapsychic conflict (conflict between the ID, Ego and SuperEgo) leads to neurotic behavior3. ID: the infant in you; your basic biological needs and desires 4. Superego: Your conscience, telling you to do the right thing 5. Ego: mediator between the two. Tries to make the ID happy but still follows society’s rules a. Ex. If you study for two hours you can watch an hour of tv6. Therapy focuses on those conflicts.C. Learning 1. Classical Conditioning: the relationship between the stimuli and how a person reacts to that stimuli 2. Phobia: a fear that we often characterize as irrational because it is out of proportion to the damage it can really cause 3. EXAMPLE: BEING BITTEN BY A DOGa. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  unlearned, dog biteb. Unconditioned Response (UCR)  unlearned, fear c. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  Dog d. Conditioned Response (CR)  Feare. THE UCR AND CR WILL ALWAYS BE THE SAME f. In wordsi. If a person is bit by a dog the unlearned stimulus is the bitebecause they didn’t know they would be bit, their response is fear of the dog and possibly all dogs. Thereforethe stimulus they are conditioned to fear is a dog. 4. Operant Conditioning: person acts on the environment and is focused on the consequences + (positive) give - (negative) take away Reinforcement: anything thatincreases the probability that thebehavior will occur again. Punishment: anything that decreasesthe probability that thebehavior will occuragain. D. Cognitive: irrational distorted cognitions lead to psychological problems a. Ex. Breakup with boyfriend  believing you’re worthless  depressionE. Biological a. Behavioral Genetics: no single gene is responsible for any psych disorder b. Studies i. Family Studies: look at relatives who have disorder but remember to consider environment ii. Adoption Studies: Separate Genes from environment, see which has the upper hand iii. Twin Studies Give the person something they likeIf you clean your room I’ll give you $5Take away something they don’t like If you clean your room I’ll stop nagging you about it Give the person something they don’t like If you don’t clean your room I’m going to make you clean the bathroom too Take away something they like If you don’t clean your room you can’t go out tonight1. Fraternal twins share 50% of genes, Identical share 100%2. Identical twins are more likely to share a disorder, followedby fraternal, followed by regular siblings3. Happens because kids are being raised in the same environment and time period c. Biochemical Neurotransmitters (NT): chemical messengers that affect behavior i. Serotonin: affects behavior, moods, thinking. Linked to depression and anxiety when level is too low ii. Dopamine: linked to schizophrenia F. Integrating Models: Diathesis-Stress Model: if you have a low diathesis, you needa lot of environmental stress to be anxious and vice versa a. Diathesis (inherited predisposition) + Stress (environmental stressor) = disorder (not manifest until stress is present) Lectures 5-9 (January 27-February 3) Diagnosis and Assessment I. What is a Diagnosis A. Diagnosis: the identification and labeling of a disorder based on its signs and symptoms i. Results from assessment (collecting information from a variety of sources and looking at the pattern/set of symptoms to assign diagnosisB. Value i. Treatment planning (has to be empirically supported and have a measurable difference)ii. Prognosis (chronic, and episodic)iii. Etiology (what is the cause?)C. Therapists i. Facilitates communication, can’t prescribe meds, for insurance purposes, if no diagnosis therapist says adjustment disorder. D. Concernsi. Labeling classifies the person instead of the disorder ii. Mental illness takes away personal responsibility iii. Insanity: not knowing the difference between right and wrong at the timeyou committed a crime. (Rosenhan) iv. Stigma: sign of social unacceptability (discrimination) E. Classifying Disorders i. Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM): standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the United Statesii. Issues to consider 1. Reliability: consistency, getting the same result when classifying the same individual a. Test-Retest: Given the same test two weeks later, you should get the same result 2. Validity: test measures what it is supposed to measure iii. History 1. Early version had 100 disorders, vague descriptions, low reliability and driven by psychoanalytic theory 2. Later versions had systematic descriptions and higher reliability and validity 3. DSM-Va. 350 disorders, no treatment recommendations, arranged by diagnostic criteria, high reliability, decisions on whether disorders are included or not based on research. II. Assessment: A. Psychological Testing i. Projective Tests: projects unconscious needs, desires, conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli (can be interpreted multiple ways. Subjective, unstructured and administered individually1. Types a. Rorschach: symmetrical inkblots, black and white/color b. TAT (Thematic Apperception Test: shows pictures of ambiguous scenes, asked to generate stories c. Low reliability and